semester 1 Flashcards
What is Psychology?
the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes
What is the study of psychological phenomenal tied to?
Ancient, medieval, and modern philosophy
Who opened the first Psychological Laboratory?
Wilhelm Wundt (1879)
Who came up with Voluntararism?
Wilhelm Wundt
What is Voluntarism?
the idea that our mental mind is a passive reflection of the world around us.
Who came us with pragmatism?
William James (1842-1910)
What therapist approach did Sigmund Freud come up with?
Psychoanalysis
what is psychoanalysis?
where the client would share their dreams, which the therapist would analyze to reveal the unconscious ( the ‘id’)
What is the ‘id’, ‘ego’, ‘superego’?
id = is your unconscious, yours desires, the ‘devil’
ego = is you
superego= your moral decisions, your ‘angel’
What do gestalt psychologists study?
human tendencies, by putting together the ‘parts’ or individual sensations, to create a ‘whole’ or perception that went beyond the sum of the parts
what is the point of Psychology?
to answer the ‘why’ questions
to describe,explain, predict, and/or control behaviour and mental purposes.
what are the levels psychologists study?
the intra- individual, inter-individual, inter-group, and societal
what is the intra-individual level?
the level of the brain
what is the inter- individual level?
level of the person
what is the inter-group level?
level of the group
what is the societal level?
level of culture
What is Behaviour Psychology?
the idea that we should focus on human behaviour through experiments and observations - Watson
we learn how to behave (nurture), our mind is a balck box where imput is put in
who was the first behaviourist psychologist?
Locke (1690)
what did locke(1690) find?
2 main ideas can become associated if they occur close together in time
who came up with mental habits?
Hume (1711-1776)
what did Hume(1711-1776) find?
we create associations
we form mental habits of connecting ideas. x makes us think of z or x makes us think of y due to close proximity
who came up with introspection?
Wilhelm Wundt (1879)
what is classical introspection?
Wundt trained psychologists to make conscious observations of their experience, verbal accounts of their sensations in term modes, quality, intensity, duration and feelings
Who came up with ‘the work of the Digestive Glands’?
Pavlov (1897)
who came up with classical conditioning and what is it?
Pavlov (1897) - association between a conditioned stimulus and an involuntary response.
Who conducted the bell experiment?
Pavlov
Who conducted the puzzle box study with cats?
Thorndike (1898)
what is the ‘law of effect’ theory and who came up with it?
Thorndike(1898) - behaviour that produces positive results will be repeated and vice versa with negative
who demonsted operant conditioning first?
Thorndike (1898)
what is operant conditioning?
a voluntary behaviour and a consequence
who defined behaviourism?
Watson (1913)
who did the ‘little abert’ experiment?
Watson & Raynor (1920)
What did Skinner find?
inspired by pavlov, developed operant conditioning, argued reinforcement is how language is developed
What did Skinner find?
inspired by pavlov, developed operant conditioning, argued reinforcement is how language is developed
What did Hull (1940s) do?
trued to simplify all the behaviourist theories and came up with the drive reductive theory - when humans experience a psychological or psychological need, they feel a drive to satisfy that need
what is the drive reductive theory and who came up with it?
Hull(1940s) drive reductive theory - when humans experience a psychological or psychological need, they feel a drive to satisfy that need
What did Chomsky (1959) do?
criticised Skinners theory of language. Came up with ‘Langauge acquisition device’
what is the ‘language acquisition device’ and who came up with it?
Chomsky (1959) - humans must have a different system from animals, which is how we are allowed to learn language
Is bandura a behaviourist psychologist?
No - a social learning theory
what did Badura (1960) find from the ‘BoBo doll experiment?
children learned via observation not reinforcement
What are Nicomachean Ethics?
Aristotle - we seek to ‘live well’
every pursuit aims at some good, each good is an end serving a higher end.
“Aristotle - we seek to ‘live well’
every pursuit aims at some good, each good is an end serving a higher end. “ what type of ethics is this?
Nicomachean ethics
what are normative ethics?
what it means to behave the right way(within norms)
what type of ethics is the theory of consequentialism and Deontology apart of?
Normative ethics
what is Consequentialism?
the moral worth of an action depends on its consequence
“The moral worth depends on an actions consequence.” What Normative ethically theory is this?
Consequentialism
what is Deontology?
the morality of an action does not change depending on circumstances
“The morality of an action does not change depending on circumstances.” What normative ethical theory would this be?
Deontology
what are the four principles of the BPS code of ethics?
Respect, competence, responsibility, integrity
Who came up with cognitive maps?
Edward Tolman (1886-1959) - the rats in the maze could find their way out because they formed mental representations of their environment
what is the difference between behaviourist theory and cognitive (Tolmans) theory?
behaviourist
behaviour= stimulus - response
Tolman
behaviour = stimulus - organism - response
who came up with time lapse?
Donald Hebb (1904- 1985)
are the mechanisms we use to make up an image, and when we really see an image the same?
a number of cases that have reported that difficulties in visual imagery parallel difficulties in visual perception
“A number of cases that have reported that difficulties in visual imagery parallel difficulties in visual perception” name some examples.
Revive, Warach & Farah (1985)
Beauvois & Saillant (1985)
FMRI studies
what is imagining?
forming a mental image of concept of something
what is perceiving?
recognising and interpreting sensory stimuli
What did Kohler (1927) sultan experiment find?
initial attempt - failure (impusse) - success
what is functional fixedness?
tendency to use object and concepts in the problem environment in only their customary and usual way
what are mental (or negative) set?
tendency to solve problems in a certain way, using a particular approach. e.g. the vacuum study
who came up with the water jug experiment?
Luchins (1942)
what is cognition?
inner processes and mental activities
what is cognitive development?
concerned with the changes in human mental activities that happen over time as we age (Alcorn,M,B. & Washburn, A. 2024)
what are the key processes in early years?
synapses - the transition point between neurons
synaptic pruning - Afterwards, they start falling away during childhood. Some of the connections strengthen, and some weaken
myelination - development of fatty deposits that form around neurons to allow electrical impulses to more effectively move
What is the synapses process?
synapses - the transition point between neurons
what is the synaptic pruning process?
synaptic pruning - Afterwards, they start falling away during childhood. Some of the connections strengthen, and some weaken
what is the myelination process?
myelination - development of fatty deposits that form around neurons to allow electrical impulses to more effectively move
what are the key studies of cognitive development?
Piagets stages of development and Vygotskys social-cognitive development theory
who came up witht hw process of coming to know and what is it?
Paiget- children are coherent in theri own framework of knowing. we all have a schemata which is updated through assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium
what are the stages of cognitive development?
Sensormotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete operational (7-11),Formal operational (11+)
what is a schemata?
the mental frameworks for understanding and thinking about the world
what happens in the assimilation process?
new complimentary info/experience is added into existing schema
what happens in the accommodation process?
contradictory info mena schemat must be significantly altered
what is the equilibrium process?
a balanced mental frmaeowork due to assimilation and accommodation
