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Foundations of Psychology > semester 1 > Flashcards

semester 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

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2
Q

What is the study of psychological phenomenal tied to?

A

Ancient, medieval, and modern philosophy

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3
Q

Who opened the first Psychological Laboratory?

A

Wilhelm Wundt (1879)

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4
Q

Who came up with Voluntararism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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5
Q

What is Voluntarism?

A

the idea that our mental mind is a passive reflection of the world around us.

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6
Q

Who came us with pragmatism?

A

William James (1842-1910)

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7
Q

What therapist approach did Sigmund Freud come up with?

A

Psychoanalysis

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8
Q

what is psychoanalysis?

A

where the client would share their dreams, which the therapist would analyze to reveal the unconscious ( the ‘id’)

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9
Q

What is the ‘id’, ‘ego’, ‘superego’?

A

id = is your unconscious, yours desires, the ‘devil’
ego = is you
superego= your moral decisions, your ‘angel’

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10
Q

What do gestalt psychologists study?

A

human tendencies, by putting together the ‘parts’ or individual sensations, to create a ‘whole’ or perception that went beyond the sum of the parts

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11
Q

what is the point of Psychology?

A

to answer the ‘why’ questions
to describe,explain, predict, and/or control behaviour and mental purposes.

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12
Q

what are the levels psychologists study?

A

the intra- individual, inter-individual, inter-group, and societal

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13
Q

what is the intra-individual level?

A

the level of the brain

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14
Q

what is the inter- individual level?

A

level of the person

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15
Q

what is the inter-group level?

A

level of the group

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16
Q

what is the societal level?

A

level of culture

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17
Q

What is Behaviour Psychology?

A

the idea that we should focus on human behaviour through experiments and observations - Watson
we learn how to behave (nurture), our mind is a balck box where imput is put in

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18
Q

who was the first behaviourist psychologist?

A

Locke (1690)

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19
Q

what did locke(1690) find?

A

2 main ideas can become associated if they occur close together in time

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20
Q

who came up with mental habits?

A

Hume (1711-1776)

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21
Q

what did Hume(1711-1776) find?

A

we create associations
we form mental habits of connecting ideas. x makes us think of z or x makes us think of y due to close proximity

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22
Q

who came up with introspection?

A

Wilhelm Wundt (1879)

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23
Q

what is classical introspection?

A

Wundt trained psychologists to make conscious observations of their experience, verbal accounts of their sensations in term modes, quality, intensity, duration and feelings

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24
Q

Who came up with ‘the work of the Digestive Glands’?

A

Pavlov (1897)

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25
Q

who came up with classical conditioning and what is it?

A

Pavlov (1897) - association between a conditioned stimulus and an involuntary response.

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26
Q

Who conducted the bell experiment?

A

Pavlov

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27
Q

Who conducted the puzzle box study with cats?

A

Thorndike (1898)

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28
Q

what is the ‘law of effect’ theory and who came up with it?

A

Thorndike(1898) - behaviour that produces positive results will be repeated and vice versa with negative

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29
Q

who demonsted operant conditioning first?

A

Thorndike (1898)

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30
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

a voluntary behaviour and a consequence

31
Q

who defined behaviourism?

A

Watson (1913)

32
Q

who did the ‘little abert’ experiment?

A

Watson & Raynor (1920)

33
Q

What did Skinner find?

A

inspired by pavlov, developed operant conditioning, argued reinforcement is how language is developed

34
Q

What did Skinner find?

A

inspired by pavlov, developed operant conditioning, argued reinforcement is how language is developed

35
Q

What did Hull (1940s) do?

A

trued to simplify all the behaviourist theories and came up with the drive reductive theory - when humans experience a psychological or psychological need, they feel a drive to satisfy that need

36
Q

what is the drive reductive theory and who came up with it?

A

Hull(1940s) drive reductive theory - when humans experience a psychological or psychological need, they feel a drive to satisfy that need

37
Q

What did Chomsky (1959) do?

A

criticised Skinners theory of language. Came up with ‘Langauge acquisition device’

38
Q

what is the ‘language acquisition device’ and who came up with it?

A

Chomsky (1959) - humans must have a different system from animals, which is how we are allowed to learn language

39
Q

Is bandura a behaviourist psychologist?

A

No - a social learning theory

40
Q

what did Badura (1960) find from the ‘BoBo doll experiment?

A

children learned via observation not reinforcement

41
Q

What are Nicomachean Ethics?

A

Aristotle - we seek to ‘live well’
every pursuit aims at some good, each good is an end serving a higher end.

42
Q

“Aristotle - we seek to ‘live well’
every pursuit aims at some good, each good is an end serving a higher end. “ what type of ethics is this?

A

Nicomachean ethics

43
Q

what are normative ethics?

A

what it means to behave the right way(within norms)

44
Q

what type of ethics is the theory of consequentialism and Deontology apart of?

A

Normative ethics

45
Q

what is Consequentialism?

A

the moral worth of an action depends on its consequence

46
Q

“The moral worth depends on an actions consequence.” What Normative ethically theory is this?

A

Consequentialism

47
Q

what is Deontology?

A

the morality of an action does not change depending on circumstances

48
Q

“The morality of an action does not change depending on circumstances.” What normative ethical theory would this be?

A

Deontology

49
Q

what are the four principles of the BPS code of ethics?

A

Respect, competence, responsibility, integrity

50
Q

Who came up with cognitive maps?

A

Edward Tolman (1886-1959) - the rats in the maze could find their way out because they formed mental representations of their environment

51
Q

what is the difference between behaviourist theory and cognitive (Tolmans) theory?

A

behaviourist
behaviour= stimulus - response
Tolman
behaviour = stimulus - organism - response

52
Q

who came up with time lapse?

A

Donald Hebb (1904- 1985)

53
Q

are the mechanisms we use to make up an image, and when we really see an image the same?

A

a number of cases that have reported that difficulties in visual imagery parallel difficulties in visual perception

54
Q

“A number of cases that have reported that difficulties in visual imagery parallel difficulties in visual perception” name some examples.

A

Revive, Warach & Farah (1985)
Beauvois & Saillant (1985)
FMRI studies

55
Q

what is imagining?

A

forming a mental image of concept of something

56
Q

what is perceiving?

A

recognising and interpreting sensory stimuli

57
Q

What did Kohler (1927) sultan experiment find?

A

initial attempt - failure (impusse) - success

58
Q

what is functional fixedness?

A

tendency to use object and concepts in the problem environment in only their customary and usual way

59
Q

what are mental (or negative) set?

A

tendency to solve problems in a certain way, using a particular approach. e.g. the vacuum study

60
Q

who came up with the water jug experiment?

A

Luchins (1942)

61
Q

what is cognition?

A

inner processes and mental activities

62
Q

what is cognitive development?

A

concerned with the changes in human mental activities that happen over time as we age (Alcorn,M,B. & Washburn, A. 2024)

63
Q

what are the key processes in early years?

A

synapses - the transition point between neurons
synaptic pruning - Afterwards, they start falling away during childhood. Some of the connections strengthen, and some weaken
myelination - development of fatty deposits that form around neurons to allow electrical impulses to more effectively move

64
Q

What is the synapses process?

A

synapses - the transition point between neurons

65
Q

what is the synaptic pruning process?

A

synaptic pruning - Afterwards, they start falling away during childhood. Some of the connections strengthen, and some weaken

66
Q

what is the myelination process?

A

myelination - development of fatty deposits that form around neurons to allow electrical impulses to more effectively move

67
Q

what are the key studies of cognitive development?

A

Piagets stages of development and Vygotskys social-cognitive development theory

68
Q

who came up witht hw process of coming to know and what is it?

A

Paiget- children are coherent in theri own framework of knowing. we all have a schemata which is updated through assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium

69
Q

what are the stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensormotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete operational (7-11),Formal operational (11+)

70
Q

what is a schemata?

A

the mental frameworks for understanding and thinking about the world

71
Q

what happens in the assimilation process?

A

new complimentary info/experience is added into existing schema

72
Q

what happens in the accommodation process?

A

contradictory info mena schemat must be significantly altered

73
Q

what is the equilibrium process?

A

a balanced mental frmaeowork due to assimilation and accommodation

Foundations of Psychology (1 decks)

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