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Paramedicine Year 1 > Semester 1 > Flashcards

Semester 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the plasma membrane

A

External cell barrier and acts in transport of substances into or out of the cells.

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2
Q

What is the cytoplasm? What does it house?

A

Cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membranes.

Consists of cytosol, which contains dissolved solutes, organelles, and inclusions

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3
Q

What are the cells organelles

A

Mitochondria
Ribosomes
rER- Rough endoplasmic Reticulum
sER- Smooth endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Nucleus

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4
Q

Structure and Function of
MITOCHONDRIA

A
  • Rodlike double membrane structure.
  • Site of aerobic respiration (the burning of glucose) and ATP synthesis
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5
Q

Structure and function of
RIBOSOMES

A
  • Dense particles consisting of rRNA and protein. Either free or attached to the RNA
  • Site of protein synthesis
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6
Q

Site and Function of
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A
  • Membranous system enclosing a cavity, the tunnel, and coiling through the cytoplasm, externally studded with ribosomes.
  • Sugar groups are attached to proteins within the RNA, then bound in vessels for transport to the golgi apparatus and other sites.
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7
Q

Structure and Function of
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A
  • Membranous system of tunnels and sacs free of ribosomes.
  • Site of lipids and steroid (cholesterol) synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification.
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8
Q

Structure and Function of
GOLGI APPARATUS

A
  • A sack of flattened membranes and associated vehicles close to the ER
  • Packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lyosomes, or incorporation into the plasma membrane.
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9
Q

Structure and Function of the NUCLEUS

A

-Largest Organelle, contains fluid necleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromation.
- Control center of the cell, responsible for transmitting genetic information and providing instructions for protein synthesis

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10
Q

Structure and Function of the
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

A
  • Double membrane structure pierced by large pores.
  • Separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substance to and from the Nucleus.
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11
Q

Structure and Function of the
NUCLEOLUS

A
  • Dense non membrane bounded buddies composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins.
  • Site of ribosome subunit manufacture
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12
Q

Structure and Function of
CHROMATION

A
  • Granular, threadlike material composed of DNA and history proteins
  • Keeps DNA organised and prevents breakage
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13
Q

Structure and Function of
PEROXISOMES

A
  • Membranous sacs of oxidase and catalase enzymes
  • Catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide
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14
Q

Structure and Function of
LYOSOMES

A
  • Membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases.
  • Sites of intracellular digestion
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15
Q

Structure and Function of
MICROTUBLES

A
  • Cylindrical structures made of tubulin protein
  • Support the cell and give it shape, involved in intracellular and cellular movements
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16
Q

Structure and Function of
MICROFILLAMENTS

A
  • Fine filaments composed of the protein action
  • Involved in muscles and other types of intracellular movement
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17
Q

Structure and Function of
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

A
  • Protein fibers
  • The stable cytoskeletal elements resist mechanical forces acting on the cell, help form desmosomes
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18
Q

Structure and Function of
CENTRIOLES

A
  • Paired cylindrical bodies.
    -Organise a microtubule network during mitosis (Cell devision)
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19
Q

Structure and Function of
INCLUSIONS

A
  • Includes stored nutrients such as lipid droplets, glycogen granules, protein crystals, and pigment
  • Storage for nutrients, wastes and cells products
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20
Q

Name the 11 Body systems

A
  • Cardiovascular
  • Reproductive
  • Respiratory
  • Endocrine
  • Urinary
  • Lymphatic
  • Muscular
  • Integumentry
  • Nervous
  • Digestive
  • Skeletal
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21
Q

MOTOR NERVE

A

Conducts efferent messages from the CNS to the muscles

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22
Q

SENSORY NERVE

A

Conducts afferent messages from the PNS to the CNS

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23
Q

PLEXUS

A

Branching network of intersecting nerves

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24
Q

GANGLION

A

A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

25
Q

PNS

A
  • Peripheral Nervous System
  • Made up of cranial and spinal nerves
  • Sensory input
    -Afferent pathway
26
Q

CNS

A
  • Central nervous system
  • Made up of the brain and spinal cord
    -Motor input
    -Efferent pathway
27
Q

Frontal plane (coronal)

A

Lies vertically and devides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

28
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Vertical plane that decides the body into right and left parts

-Otherwise known as mid-sagittal or median plane

29
Q

Transverse plane

A

Runs horizontally from right to left, deviding the body into superior and inferior parts.

-Also know as oblique sections

30
Q

9 Abdominopelvic Regions

A
  • Right Hypochondriac region
  • Epigastric Region
  • Left Hypochondriac Region
  • Right Lumbar region
  • Umbilical Region
  • Left Lumbar Region
  • Right Illiac (Inguinal) region
  • Hypogastric (Pubic) Region
  • Left Illiac (Inguinal) Region
31
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity.
Sections, and Function

A

Posterior body cavity
-Cranial cavity, in the skull
-Vertebral cavity, in the spine

To protect fragile nervous system (organs, brain, spinal cord)

32
Q

Ventral Body Cavity
Sections and Function

A

Anterior body cavity
- Thoracic cavity (superior)
- Abdomenopelvic cavity (inferior)

To house internal organs

33
Q

Sinus Cavity

A
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
  • Maxillary

Can fill with mucus fluid and air

34
Q

Three types of body membranes

A

-Parietal layer
- Serous Fluid
- Visceral Layer

35
Q

Parietal Layer

A

Membrane that lines the body Cavity

36
Q

Serous Fluid

A

Membrane made up of epithelial tissue that’s wrapped around the major organs that give the organs lubrication

37
Q

Visceral Layer

A

Membrane that wraps individual organs

38
Q

Shrinkage of the cell due to loss of intracellular volume is?

A

Crenation

39
Q

Programmed cell death is?

A

Apoptosis

40
Q

Cellular self destruction due to the release of lyzomal enzymes?

A

Autolysis

41
Q

Cell death due to lack of blood flow?

A

Oncosis

42
Q

Rupture (cytolysis) of red blood cells?

A

Haemolysis

43
Q

What 4 elements are cells primarily made up of?

A
  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
44
Q

All cells have 3 main regions or parts, these are?

A
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
45
Q

A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus, thus it?

A

Cannot decide or repair itself

46
Q

The process of forming mRNA is called

A

Transcription

47
Q

Vesicles containing enzymes that neutralise toxins such as alcohol are

A

Peroxisomes

48
Q

DNA is short for?

A

Dexoxyribonucleic Acid

49
Q

ATP is short for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

50
Q

Three overlapping functions of the nervous system?

A

-Sensory input
-Integration
-Motor output

51
Q

Describe Homeostasis

A
  • The bodies ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions, despite external conditions.
  • It involves various physiological processes that work together to regulate factors like temperature, blood sugar levels, pH balance, and more.
52
Q

SENSORY (afferent)

A

Transmits impulses toward the CNS

53
Q

MOTOR (efferent)

A

Carries impulses away from the CNS

54
Q

INTERNEURONS (association neurons)

A

Shuttle signals between affrent and efferent pathways

55
Q

Functions of the CNS

A
  • Sensation
    -Coordination
    -Response
56
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

-Afferent neurons
-transmitted impulses from sensory receptors toward the CNS
- mostly unipolar

57
Q

Motor Neurons

A

-Efferent neurons
-Impulses move from the CNS to the rest of the body
- Mostly multipolar

58
Q

Interneurons

A
  • Association Neurons
    -impulse moves between sensory and motor neurons
  • mostly multipolar

Paramedicine Year 1 (1 decks)

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