Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP U.S. Govt. and Politics > Semester 1 > Flashcards

Semester 1 Flashcards

Midterms Review

1
Q

Direct Democracy

A

People are directly responsible for political changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Participatory Democracy

A

This is when citizens are the largest influencer on the political process. This is distinguished from direct democracy, as politicians are the one implementing policy decisions, citizens just influence these.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Elitist Theory

A

A small number of people, generally the wealthy and well-educated, have the largest impact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pluralist Theory

A

Groups have the largest impact on policies. People with similar ideas work together to increase their ideas’ influence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

European Enlightment

A

Philosophical movement which led to the prominence of individuals such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Second Treatise on Government

A

This document was written by John Locke. This talks about natural rights and the social contract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Social Contract

A

People give up certain freedoms for the security of being led by a government. However, if the people feel the government impedes on freedom too much, it is their role to create change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amending Process

A

2/3 of some form of national government, and 3/4 of some form of state government:
proposal by ⅔ of both house/senate OR proposal by ⅔ of national convention AND ratified by ¾ of state legislatures OR passage by ¾ state conventions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

Created the original national government, which lacked power. This was reformed, resulting in the constitution, as a result of Shay’s Rebellion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bill of Rights

A

Written by James Madison, this document was intended to appease the antifederalist group who were against the constitution’s ratification. It details the people’s fundamental rights, which the government can’t interfere with.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Federalist #10

A

Madison: Factions are dangerous. However, having a large and diverse republic will prevent dangers from emerging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Federalist #51

A

Madison: Separation of powers will create checks and balances between the branches. Limited Government!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

Unicameral; small states (each state get’s equal representation); representatives decided by state legislatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Virginia Plan

A

Bicameral; large states (representation proportionate to population); representatives decided in one chamber by the people, and in the other chamber by state legislature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Great Compromise

A

Connecticut’s proposal:
Bicameral; one chamber by population and the other chamber with equal representation; the house chosen by the people, and the senate chosen by the state legislature (later changed by the 17th amendment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Judicial Review

A

The Supreme Court decides the validity of a law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Popular Sovereignty

A

The power and laws of the government are given and maintained by the people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

17th Amendment

A

Direct election of senators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Shay’s Rebellion

A

Rebellion caused by debt crisis in Massachusetts. Under the AoC, the government was unable to handle this well. To prevent such an incident in the future, the constitution was created through a national convention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Three-fifths compromise

A

During the constitutional convention, it was decided that enslaved people count as 3/5 of a person, in terms of the state’s population, for representative and taxation purposes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Writ of Habeas Corpus

A

People detained by the government have the right to know the charges against them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bills of Attainder

A

When someone is declared guilty without a trial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ex Post Facto Laws

A

When someone is punished for an act that wasn’t a crime when they committed it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act

A

Unfunded Mandate
Requires employers and public facilities to make accommodations for disabilities. This act also prevents discrimination on the basis of a disability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Block Grants

A

Federal aid without oversight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Categorial Grants

A

Federal aid with oversight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Commerce Clause

A

Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3
Regulates commerce between foreign nations, among states, and with tribes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Concurrent Powers

A

Powers which the constitution gives to both the states and the federal government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Confederal System

A

Power is distributed, there is no strong federal government.
(AoC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Federal System

A

This is a mix of the confederal and unitary systems, as both the states and the federal government have power.
(Constitution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Unitary System

A

This is when the federal government has all the power.
(Dictatorship)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Contract with America

A

This was a plan that impacted Congress during 1994. This represented the wishes of conservative Republicans, who desired a decrease in the power of Congress.
Made by Newt Gingrich, 50th Speaker of the house

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cooperative Federalism

A

The federal and state governments work together to shape public policy. This is related to the marble cake analogy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Dual Federalism

A

This is when the federal and state governments work independently on public policy.
This is related to the layer cake analogy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Delegated Powers

A

Enumerated Powers: Powers given to the government in the constitution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Devolution Revolution

A

Attempt by Ronald Reagan to give power back to the states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Dred Scott v. Sandford

A

Case revolving slavery. This case gave power back to the states, by declaring the state’s laws regarding slavery to triumph over the federal law regarding the 36 30 line.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Full Faith and Credit Clause

A

Article 4, Section 1
Requires states to recognize the public acts, records, and civil court proceedings from the other states.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Gibbons v Ogden

A

The Supreme Court denied New York of the ability to create a monopoly along the Hudson, as interstate commerce could only be controlled by the federal government.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Gonzalez v Raich

A

Raich used medical marijuana, which was seized as it went against federal laws. She appealed the decision, as it was intrastate commerce rather than interstate commerce. Raich lost the case, as the Supreme Court decided that marijuana has a strong enough market that it would impact the economy significantly enough to be considered interstate commerce. Increased federal authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Grants-in-aid System

A

Federal money granted to states to achieve policy objectives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Implied Powers

A

Powers of the federal government that are not stated in the constitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland

A

Maryland tried to tax the national bank. The Supreme Court deemed this unconstitutional, under the Commerce Clause.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Necessary and Proper Clause

A

Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18.
Also known as the elastic clause.
Congress can create any laws needed to accomplish the enumerated powers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

New Deal

A

Laws created by the Roosevelt administration to help the economy in the wake of the Great Depression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

No Child Left Behind Act

A

Federal government set education standards for K-8.
Increase in Federal Government’s power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Reserved Powers

A

Powers not given to the federal government, but to the state governments and to the people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Revenue Sharing

A

When the federal government gives tax money to the states with no strings attached.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

16th Amendment

A

Established Congress’ power to create and collect income tax.
Increase in federal power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Supremacy Clause

A

Article 6, Clause 2:
Ladder of laws: The constitution is the supreme law of the land, then the national laws and treaties, then the states, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

A

Block grant, part of the devolution revolution.
Funds given to states to assist low-income families.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

10th Amendment

A

Reserved Powers Clause:
Powers not given to the federal government belong to the states and the people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Unfunded Mandates

A

Mandatory laws to follow/implement, without receiving funding to do so.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

US v. Lopez

A

Lopez brought a gun to school. The Federal Government tried to charge him using the commerce clause, which failed as it wasn’t considered related enough to the case. Decrease in Federal Power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

Thomas Jefferson: Shows the belief of Individualism. People are responsible for their actions, and when the government fails, it is the people’s role to change it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Federalist #78

A

Hamilton: Limited Government! The Judiciary branch will limit the other branches.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Alexis de Tocqueville

A

French writer of “Democracy in America”. Equality of Opportunity!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Affordable Health Care Act

A

Obamacare: Subsidized health insurance based on income. Since insurance was required, the individual’s health care insurance could generally be lower.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Ballot Restrictions

A

Measure which prevent voting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Command Economy

A

Production/Investment/Income is determined by the government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Conflictual vs. Consensual Political Culture

A

Conflictual: Different groups clash due to opposing beliefs/views.

Consensual: Citizens tend to agree on how to solve societal problems. When there is conflict, there is still an overlap in values.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Core American Values

A
  • Individualism
  • Equality of Opportunity
  • Free Enterprise
  • Rule of Law
  • Limited Government
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Divided Government

A

The President is from a different party as at least 1 house of Congress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Equality of Opportunity

A

All should have the same opportunity to advance.

This DOES NOT mean equality of result.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Entrance/Exit Polls

A

Polls taken at the entrance/exit of an event, to measure public support for a candidate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Culture War

A

Contrasting views regarding what individual + social behavior can be regulated by the government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Generational Effect

A

The same generation has lived through the same experiences, meaning they may have similar perspectives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

George Gallup

A

Inventor of the Gallup poll, a successful way to use sampling to measure public opinion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

Way to measure economic success. Considers net goods/services.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Individualism

A

Strong emphasis on individual initiative and responsibility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Intergovernmental Organization (IGOs)

A

Nations join a group in order to work together towards a cause.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Help America Vote Act (HAVA)

A

Funded Mandate
Improved voting standards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Laissez Faire

A

Less government regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Limited Government

A

Restrictions placed on the government to protect citizens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Medicare

A

Health coverage to those above 65 years old and to the disabled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Medicaid

A

Health coverage for low income families

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Free Market Economy

A

Laissez-Faire, no government interference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Mixed Economy

A

Combination of command economy (gov regulates everything) and free market economy (no gov interference).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Monetary Policy

A

Federal Reserve can affect monetary/financial conditions to improve welfare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Midterm Elections

A

The general election held around the midpoint of the president’s terms (2nd or 3rd year).
Generally divided gov. after this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Motor Voter Laws

A

Allows citizens to register to vote once they are issued a license

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)

A

Organizations that work in foreign nations, without the support of said nation’s government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Outsourcing

A

Getting labor or products externally at a cheaper price

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Reconciliation Act (PRWORA)

A

The goal was to move families off of government assistance and make them self-sufficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Political Efficacy

A

Belief of citizen’s in their ability to change the government, understand matters, and influence politics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Political Culture

A

The set of beliefs which are the framework for the political process: core values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Political Socialization

A

The process of an individual learning about political attitudes and forming an opinion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Push Polls

A

Manipulative questions, intending to sway voters to a specific answer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Sampling Error

A

Confidence in result, generally a good sample size is 1000-1500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Straw Poll

A

Unofficial vote used to determine public opinion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Tracking Poll

A

Poll done with the same group as a previous poll, to determine the change in opinions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

15th Amendment

A

States CAN’T restrict voting ability on the basis of race, color, or previous enslavement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

26th Amendment

A

Brought down the minimum voting age from 21 to 18, so now 18+ individuals can’t be restricted due to age.

94
Q

Agenda Setting

A

Forming a list of topics to be discussed in government

95
Q

Candidate-Centered v. Party-Centered Politics

A

Voting for the candidate versus voting for what the candidate represents

96
Q

Caucus

A

Meeting held to discuss opinions. This gives the party more power, in comparison to the primaries

97
Q

Coalitions

A

Like-minded groups within each party

98
Q

Closed Primaries

A

Primaries accessible only for voters registered for the the relevant party

99
Q

Election of 1800

A

Jefferson, first Democratic-Republican President.
This election marked the end of the Federalist party.

100
Q

Election of 1828

A

Jackson, first Democrat president

101
Q

Election of 1860

A

Lincoln, first Republican.
Whig party collapsed

102
Q

Election of 1932

A

Roosevelt, power shifted to Democrats.

103
Q

Cross-Cutting Cleavages

A

Society is split into many groups, which work together on some issues but oppose on others.

104
Q

Dealignment

A

A group moves away from both political parties

105
Q

Delegates

A

Those elected to represent a group of people in government

106
Q

Direct Primary System

A

Voter’s elect their party’s candidates

107
Q

Duties/Roles of Political Parties

A
  • Political parties serve as labels to voters
  • They also support the candidate/campaign
  • Finally, they advocate for their beliefs and pass legislation. (When in the minority, they act as an opposition to the majority)
108
Q

Electoral College

A

They vote for the president. They largely vote as their district/state did.

109
Q

Frontloading

A

When states place their election earlier on the calendar to capitalize on media attention

110
Q

Hyper Partisanship

A

Extreme polarization of parties

111
Q

Tammany Hall

A

Political Machine

112
Q

National Convention

A

The delegates elected – from the primaries, caucuses, and state conventions – assemble every 4 years to decide who the president and vice president will be for their party

113
Q

Open Primaries

A

Primaries accessible to all voters, regardless of party affiliation

114
Q

Party Identification

A

Affiliation with a party

115
Q

Realignment

A

Change in voter preference, from on party to another

116
Q

Proportional Representation

A

Unlike Winner-Takes-All System, candidates get seats proportional to their votes

117
Q

Ralph Nader

A

Presidential candidate for the Green Party, a 3rd party
Election of 2000

118
Q

Ross Perot

A

Presidential candidate for the Reform Party, fro individuals who though the Republicans and Democrats were too corrupt

119
Q

Roosevelt

A

Tried to run for a 3rd term under the Bull Moose Party
He split the Democratic votes, resulting in the Republicans winning

120
Q

Straight Ticket Voting

A

Voting for candidates from only one party

121
Q

Solid South

A

Democratic South from 1877-1964. The end of the solid south started during the New Deal (FDR–> Democrats became the party of big gov.), although the actual end is more close to the Civil Rights Act of 1964

122
Q

Spoiler Effect

A

When a 3rd party, non-winning candidate sways the results of the election by splitting the votes with one of the more prominent parties

123
Q

Super Delegates

A

Democrats who are automatically seated in the national convention. They have not pledged to vote for a specific candidate.

124
Q

Ticket Splitting

A

Voting for candidates from multiple political parties.

125
Q

Universal Manhood Suffrage

A

All adult male citizens are allowed to vote, regardless of religion, race, property, etc.

126
Q

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A

President Lyndon B. Johnson signed this law into affect, and it stopped the discriminatory practices (Jim Crow Laws) that were present after the Civil War. This act swapped the roles of Democrats and Republicans.

127
Q

Winner Takes All System

A

Also known as the single member plurality system, or first past the post voting, is when the group/candidate with the most votes wins

128
Q

13th Amendment

A

Prevents slavery (unless for a crime)

129
Q

14th Amendment

A

Equal Protection

130
Q

19th Amendment

A

Allowed women to vote

131
Q

24th Amendment

A

Eliminated poll taxes when voting

132
Q

1st Amendment

A

Congress shall not prohibit … (free speech, religion, assembly, etc.)

133
Q

2nd Amendment

A

Right to bear arms

134
Q

3rd Amendment

A

Soldiers can’t force people to house them

135
Q

4th Amendment

A

Prevents unreasonable searches/seizures, and creates regulations for warrants

136
Q

5th Amendment

A

Jail: right to a fair, jury trial, protection from self-incrimination, etc.

137
Q

6th Amendment

A

Defendants get a speedy and public trial, impartial jury, etc.

138
Q

7th Amendment

A

Once the claim exceeds a certain monetary value, the defendant receives a federal court

139
Q

8th amendment

A

No cruel or unusual punishment

140
Q

9th Amendment

A

Even if some rights are not listed in the constitution, they are still protected

141
Q

527s

A

Tax-exempt agency that promotes a political agenda. NOT regulated by the FEC

142
Q

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002

A

Also called the McCain-Feingold Act:
Stricter regulations on financing political agendas trying to decrease the soft money loophole
radio/televisions ads restrictions

143
Q

Buckley v. Valeo

A

Said spending money is free speech
Candidates can spend unlimited of their own money

144
Q

Campaign Reform Act of 1974

A

Created the FEC

145
Q

Coattail effect

A

A political leader may take votes from less popular candidates within the same party

146
Q

Citizens United v. FEC

A

Wanted to prevent the BCRA from applying to the Citizens united film regarding Hillary.
Citizens United won as regulations on corporations were lifted as long as they didn’t coordinate with the candidate.

147
Q

Federal Electoral Commission

A

Protects integrity/transparency of elections by enforcing finance laws

148
Q

Franking privilege

A

Helps reach out to people quicker: Members of Congress can use their signature instead of postage when sending mail

149
Q

Get out the vote (GOTV)

A

Attempts to increase voter turnout

150
Q

Grassroots Lobbying

A

Attempts to change legislation by using the general public

151
Q

Hard money

A

Money directly given to the candidate/party

152
Q

Incumbency Advantage

A

Political advantage gained by previously holding office - name recognition

153
Q

Independent Expenditures

A

Effort made to advocate/critique a candidate without conferring with a candidate

154
Q

Invisible Primary

A

The time when candidates gain funds for the upcoming primaries and also campaign to gain support

155
Q

LULAC v. Perry

A

Required Texas to redistrict district 23 for being unfair

156
Q

Majority-Minority Districts

A

Districts made specifically so that minorities compose the majority

157
Q

McConnell vs. FEC

A

Upheld the BCRA

158
Q

PACs (Political Action Committees)

A

Works towards a political agenda
Can receive unlimited funding from individuals

159
Q

Plurality

A

group/candidate receives more votes than others do, but not more than half of the total votes

160
Q

Poll Tax

A

Tax before one can vote
Used to restrict black voters

161
Q

Pollster

A

Person who analyzes polls

162
Q

Rational Choice Voting

A

Political actors (voters/politicians) act in their best intersts, carefully weighing all actions

163
Q

Reapportionment

A

Redistribution of seats in the House based on population

164
Q

Recall

A

People can remove public officials from office

165
Q

Redistricting

A

Redrawing electoral district boundaries

166
Q

Referendum

A

Putting state issues on the ballot for voters to decide

167
Q

Retrospective Voting

A

Voting by looking at past/recent actions of the candidate

168
Q

Revolving Door

A

People who work in the government often tend to work as a part of an interest group eventually, and vice versa

169
Q

Shaw v. Reno

A

Race can’t be the main reason for redistricting

170
Q

Super PAC

A

Have no soft money spending limits

171
Q

Soft money

A

Efforts for candidates that aren’t donations (campaigning)

172
Q

Spot Ad

A

Television advertising for candidate

173
Q

Voter Canvass

A

Process by which campaigns reach voters

174
Q

Class Action Lawsuits

A

Small group sues on behalf of all people who struggle –> interest groups use this technique (litigation)

175
Q

Free rider Problem

A

Many do not work towards the social/issue change, as they will be benefit regardless
–> Solution is to offer benefits only to those who participate

176
Q

Grassroots Organization

A

Relies on high levels of government to create social change based on people’s wishes

177
Q

AMA (Amer Med Assoc), AFL-CIO, NAACP, NRA, AARP, Sierra Club, NOW, PhRMA, NARAL

A

AMA → american medicine association
AFL-CIO → largest labor association
NAACP → oppose racism
NRA → conservative, rifles
AARP → liberals, retired ppl
Sierra Club → liberal, conservation of environment
NOW → liberal, women’s rights
PhRMA → research, pharmaceutical
NARAL → liberal, abortion and women’s rights

178
Q

Lobbying (grassroots v. direct)

A

Grassroots → emphasis on gaining social media attention
Direct → directly petitioning/speaking to government officials

179
Q

NAFTA

A

Free-trade agreement
Lifted tariffs between America, Mexico, and Canada

180
Q

Trans Pacific Partnership

A

Agreement to facilitate trade
Reduce trade barriers

181
Q

Equal time rule

A

FCC rule that if a broadcaster gives time to one candidate, it must give equal time to the other candidate

182
Q

Fairness doctrine

A

Holders of broadcast licenses must fairly reflect differing perspectives

183
Q

Federal Communications Commission

A

Regulates media to ensure fairness

184
Q

Framing

A

Media intentionally focuses on one aspect to affect public opinion

185
Q

New York Times vs. US

A

Pentagon Papers: Defended first amendment. If the government is lying, the press may disclose information (despite it being classified). Prior restraint of the media is only allowed if there evidence that it will be dangerous.

186
Q

New York Times vs. Sullivan

A

Press may say libelous statements

187
Q

Right of reply rule

A

May defend against public criticism where it was displayed

188
Q

Spin doctor

A

People hired to spin stories to benefit a candidate/target the other candidate

189
Q

Telecommunications Act of 1996

A

Removed regulations, allowed companies to have a larger reach

190
Q

White House press corps

A

Those who watch for stories regarding the white house

191
Q

Baker v Carr

A

Courts can hear cases of redistricting. (Baker stated that the boundaries hadn’t been redrawn enough, making some votes worth more than others)

192
Q

Cloture

A

In the Senate, this stops filibusters

193
Q

Conference Committee

A

Includes members from both houses to reconcile differences in legislation

194
Q

Standing Committee

A

Long-term committees

195
Q

Joint Committee

A

Bicameral committees

196
Q

Select Committees

A

Committees which emerge to handle a specific situation

197
Q

Ways and Means Committee

A

Handles financial matters, such as revenue and taxation (House)

198
Q

Rules Committee

A

Decides the procedure for debates and amendments in the House

199
Q

Appropriations Committee

A

They decide where funds should be allocated to (House)

200
Q

Judiciary Committee

A

Handles matters regarding the courts, particularly the nomination of judges (Senate)

201
Q

Foreign Relations Committee

A

Oversee foreign relations and treaties made by the president

202
Q

Armed Service Committee

A

They handle matters regarding the military

203
Q

Speaker of the House

A

most important member of the house –> in the constitution

204
Q

Party Caucuses decide ___.

A

majority/minority leaders and whips

205
Q

Vice President in the Senate

A

Acts as a tie-breaker

206
Q

President Pro Tempore

A

Official chair of the senate, but not the real leader

207
Q

Senate, most important member

A

Majority Leader

208
Q

Discharge Petition

A

Force legislation to leave a committee

209
Q

Earmarks

A

Also known as pork-barrel spending: This is when a representative tries to create a specific project/allocate funds to their district

210
Q

Entitlement Programs

A

Funded mandates which provide benefits to those who fit specific regulations

211
Q

Lame Duck Period

A

Time period before the president leaves office, after the election of the successor

212
Q

Logrolling

A

exchanging political favors/votes

213
Q

Mandatory Spending

A

Spending dictated by law

214
Q

Discretionary Spending

A

Voted on in the annual appropriations process

215
Q

Emoluments Clause

A

Preserves president’s independence by preventing congress from impacting their salary

216
Q

Markups

A

Finalizing the wording of bills

217
Q

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

A

Supervises annual spending, particularly of the executive branch

218
Q

Pigeonholing

A

When legislation is ignored by a committee

219
Q

Pocket veto

A

Formal method for the president to veto a bill by not responding

220
Q

Delegate Model

A

Representatives act as delegates, carrying out the people’s wishes at a higher level of government

221
Q

Trustee Model

A

People must trust their representatives to make wise decisions based on their judgement

222
Q

Politico Model

A

Combination of the delegate and trustee models

223
Q

Committee of the Whole

A

Committee made up of all in congress

224
Q

Closed Rule

A

One way the Rules Committee can set limits to debate times/amending bills on the floor

225
Q

Germane Amendments

A

Amendments related to the bill (does not occur much in the House)

226
Q

Riders

A

Same as Germane Amendments. This often occurs in the Senate, as adding on unrelated content can help controversial bills pass.

227
Q

Quorum

A

Minimum number of people for legislation to be passed in the House

228
Q

Brutus #1

A

Argued that a republic was dangerous, as it would ultimately damage the rights of the people. So large that it can’t represent everyone

229
Q

Federalist #70

A

Hamilton: Argued for a single, decisive figure for the executive branch

230
Q

Marbury v Madison

A

established judicial review

231
Q

Schenck v US

A

Speech that is a “clear and present” danger can be restricted

AP U.S. Govt. and Politics (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions