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AUBF Finals > Semen analysis > Flashcards

Semen analysis Flashcards

1
Q

____________ is an admixture of spermatozoa suspended in secretions from the glandular tissue of the male genital system.

A

Normal Semen

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2
Q

How many fractions does an ejaculate have?

A

four fractions:
- Pre-Ejaculatory fraction
- Preliminary fraction
- Main fraction
- Terminal fraction

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3
Q

Which fraction consists a clear secretion of Cowper’s or Litter’s glands and contains proteins with moderately viscous consistency, which may possibly serve to neutralize residues of urine

A

Pre-ejaculatory fraction

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4
Q

Which gland functions to neutralize residues of urine?

A

Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s or Litters gland)

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5
Q

Which fraction originates from the prostate gland. It gives semen its characteristic odor. It contain enzymes which liquefies the spermatozoa coagulum

A

Preliminary fraction

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6
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A
  • produces enzymes which serve to liquefy the spermatozoa coagulum
  • gives the semen its characteristic odor
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7
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A
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8
Q

It originates from the seminal vesicles, testes, epididymis and partially from the prostate gland.

A

Main fraction

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9
Q

which fraction/s contain majority of spermatozoa?

A
  • preliminary fraction
  • main fraction
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10
Q

Formed by secretions of seminal vesicles and is entirely gelatinous in consistency, with large number of immotile spermatozoa

A

Terminal fraction

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11
Q

what are the main enzyme and main sugar needed for sperm?

A
  • acid phosphatase
  • fructose
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12
Q

define and describe primary and secondary infertility?

A
  • primary infertility refers when pregnancy is never achieved by the patient
  • secondary infertility refers to when a patient at least had one prior pregnancy
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13
Q

What are the purposes of of performing tests for semen analysis?

A
  • investigation of infertility
  • identify treatment options
  • determine suitability of semen for ICSI/IVF
  • Pre and post-vasectomy confirmation
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14
Q

Define ICSI

A

intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection - male infertility

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15
Q

Define IVF

A

in vitro fertilization - female infertility

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16
Q

is procedure that involves cutting, tying, or sealing of the vas deferens in order to prevent sperm cells from entering to the urethra

A

vasectomy

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17
Q

length of the human sperm cell

A

70um

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18
Q

*4-5um
*Nucleus contains 23 *chromosomes Acrosome

A

Head

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19
Q

*4-5um
*where energy for motility is generated

A

Midpiece

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20
Q

contains enzymes that breaks down the outer membrane of egg shells

A

Acrosome

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21
Q

contains enzymes that breaks down the outer membrane of egg shells

A

Acrosome

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22
Q

Protects sperm against extracellular injuries

A

plasma membrane

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23
Q

tail measures about _________

A

55um

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24
Q

where spermatozoa is formed

A

Testis

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25
Q

50%, Contributes to alkaline levels of semen, half of the volume of the semen.

A

Seminal vesicles

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26
Q

the seminal vesicles contains what substance for sperm nutritional support?

A

Flavin, Fructose and Potassium (K)

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27
Q

20%, Contributes to slightly acidic levels.

A

Prostate gland

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28
Q

the prostate gland contains which substances?

A

acid phosphatase, citric acid and proteolytic enzymes

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29
Q

Storage; where mature & immature sperm cells wait

A

Epididymis & vasa deferentia (vas deferens)

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30
Q

where Sertoli cells are located

A

seminiferous tubules

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31
Q

where spermatogenesis is being channeled; support & nourishment of sperm happens

A

sertoli cells

32
Q

sperm formation has an estimated ___________ process

A

74 day

33
Q

enumerate the standard guidelines for sperm collection

A

1) There should be 2 to 7 days of sexual abstinence before collection

2) Two separate samples at least 7 days apart should be analyzed

3)The duration of abstinence should be constant

4) Masturbation in a clinical setting is the recommended procedure 

5) Must be collected in a pre warmed, sterile, non- toxic, wide-mouthed container

34
Q

T or F: passing of urine should be neglected upon semen collection

A

False

35
Q

T or F: Wash hands with soap and dry

A

True

36
Q

T or F: Glans and the penis may not necessarily be
cleaned with wet paper towel

A

False

37
Q

T or F: use of lubricants is avoided upon semen collection since it has a potential to interfere with sperm motility

A

True

38
Q

what are the conditions when First portion is missing?

A

sperm count decreased, falsely increased pH and specimen will not liquefy

39
Q

what are the conditions when Last portion is missing?

A

semen volume decreased, sperm count will falsely increase, pH will falsely decrease, and specimen will not clot

40
Q

70% of sperms are found at which portion?

A

First portion

41
Q

Inclusions for labelling of semen specimen

A
  • Patient’s name
  • Age
  • Doctor’s name
  • Laboratory analysis form
    > period of abstinence (in days)
    > date and time of collection
    > Mode of collection
    > Time interval from collection to analysis
42
Q

normal semen volume

A

Normospermia

43
Q

no semen volume

A

Aspermia

44
Q

semen volume <1.5 mL

A

Hypospermia

45
Q

semen volume > 6.0 mL

A

Hyperspermia

46
Q

No spermatozoa seen

A

Azoospermia

47
Q

presence of leukocytes in semen

A

Leukospermia

48
Q

presence of RBC in semen

A

Hematospermia

49
Q

presence of dead sperm cell in semen

A

Necrospermia

50
Q

presence of dead sperm cell in semen

A

Necrospermia

51
Q

Normal analysis report
Liquefaction:
Color:
Viscosity:
pH:
Concentration:

A
  • Liquefied under 30 minutes
  • White or grayish white
  • Viscous
  • 7.2 to 7.8
  • 20 to 250 million/mL
52
Q

Normal analysis report
Agglutination:
Motility:
Penetration:
Viability:
Normal morphology:

A
  • None
  • > 60% progressively motile
  • > 30mm
  • 75%
  • > 70
53
Q

Normal analysis report
Leukocyte:
Red blood cell:
Epithelial cell:
Bacteria:
Fructose:

A
  • None to occasional
  • None
  • None to few
  • None
  • 1+ to 4+
54
Q

*sperm form clumps

A

Sperm agglutination

55
Q

which condition causes sperm to non-sperm element agglutination?

A
  • accessory gland infection
56
Q

which condition causes sperm to sperm agglutination?

A
  • anti sperm antibodies
57
Q

What methods must be employed when sperm agglutination is observed?

A
  • semen culture
  • antibody assessments
58
Q

units for sperm concentration & sperm count

A
  • # sperm cell / mL
  • # sperm / ejaculate
59
Q

Azoospermia is seen in what following conditions?

A
  • abnormal spermatogenesis
  • ejaculatory dysfunction or obstruction
60
Q

abnormally lower sperm concentration

A

Oligospermia

61
Q

abnormally elevated sperm concentration

A

Polyzoospremia

62
Q

Most important predictor of the functional aspect of spermatozoa

A

Sperm Motility

63
Q

sperm motility can evaluate two conditions such as?

A
  • normal development of axoneme
  • normal maturation within epididymis
64
Q

Disadvantages of sperm motility assessment

A
  • Assessment of this parameter is subjective and has potential for technical mistakes
  • In vitro motility of sperm may not reflect the true motility within the female reproductive tract
65
Q

this refers to the infertility condition of reduced sperm motility

A

Asthenospermia

66
Q

causes for asthenospermia

A
  • inherent defects of sperm
  • artifactual (spermicides, lubricants, condoms)
  • Prolonged abstinence periods
  • Genital tract infection
67
Q

Habitual factors affecting sperm motility
High intake of soya : __________
___________ : decrease sperm motility/ density

A
  • decrease sperm density
  • High consumption of tobacco
68
Q

Habitual factors affecting sperm motility
high consumption of cocaine or marijuana : _______________
__________ : decrease sperm motility

A
  • decrease sperm motility
  • vaginal lubricants
69
Q

Habitual factors affecting sperm motility
Alcoholism

A
  • affects all semen parameters
70
Q

More acidic = ?

A

lactic acid production with high sperm counts (Congenital Aplasia of vasa deferentia and seminal vesicles)

71
Q

More alkaline = ?

A

loss of C02 over time (Reproductive tract infection)

72
Q

is the simplest way to measure semen pH

A

Nitrozine paper

73
Q

Used to evaluate secretory function of the prostate

A

Acid phosphatase

74
Q

Provides energy for spermatozoa

A

Fructose

75
Q

Fructose is produced in?

A

seminal vesicles

76
Q

What are the following conditions that is caused by low fructose?

A
  • ejaculatory duct obstruction
  • androgen deficiencies
  • decreased testosterone levels
  • azoospermia

AUBF Finals (2 decks)

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