Semantics

Question 1

linguistic context vs. situational context

Answer 1

meaning within grammar (co-text) vs. meaning within situation

Question 2

deixis

Answer 2

the requirement of situational context to understand language

Question 3

referential semantics

Answer 3

‘dictionary’ meanings within the basic, standard language

Question 4

emotive/associative semantics

Answer 4

meanings driven by personal experience, interpretation, context, possibly deixis

Question 5

pragmatics

Answer 5

study of meaning behind meaning. What is said vs. what is meant

Question 6

collocation

Answer 6

the conventional pairings of words (spick and span)

Question 7

idiom

Answer 7

group of deictic words whose meaning is only determinable through context

Question 8

cliché

Answer 8

predictable or common groupings of words or phrases in a given situation

Question 9

paradigmatic relations

Answer 9

selection at the word level:
- more related =polysemy (couler)
- less related = or homonymy (puce)

Question 10

syntagmatic relations

Answer 10

selection at sentential level, built through word order - the relationships between items that occur within the same construction or context

Question 11

lexical paradigms: hyponymy: superordinates

Answer 11

a given general word (e.g. arbre)

Question 12

lexical paradigms: hyponymy: hyponyms

Answer 12

a given, more specific variant eg. chêne

Question 13

lexical paradigms: polysemy

Answer 13

same word, more than one related meaning e.g. clé

Question 14

lexical paradigms: homonymy

Answer 14

one form, multiple unrelated meanings (puce, pas)

Question 15

lexical paradigms: homophony

Answer 15

two forms sharing a common phonological realisation (riz, ris)

Question 16

lexical paradigms: synonymy: denotation

Answer 16

denotes the same or similar things (e.g. fleuve & rivière)

Question 17

lexical paradigms: synonymy: connotation

Answer 17

connotes a related meaning (e.g. saucisse de Toulouse)

Question 18

antonymy: complementary antonym

Answer 18

one implies denial of other (e.g. jeune / vielle)

Question 19

antonymy : converse antonym

Answer 19

reciprocal or relational terms (e.g. prof / étudiant)

Question 20

antonymy: true antonym

Answer 20

opposite extremes of a scale (e.g. plein / vide)

Question 21

meaning implies choice

Answer 21

plurality of possibilities key to differentiating meaning

Question 22

linguistic relativity

Answer 22

The characteristics of different languages inform worldview or cognition

Question 23

linguistic determinism

Answer 23

‘strong form’ of linguistic relativity, where this influence is seen as a limiting factor (e.g. French speakers ‘can’t imagine’ the preterite tense)

Question 24

speech act theory: locutionary act

Answer 24

what is said

Question 25

speech act theory: illocutionary force

Answer 25

what is meant

Question 26

speech act theory: perlocutionary force

Answer 26

what the outcome is