Semantic System Flashcards
What is Implicit / non-declarative memory?
What is Implicit / non-declarative memory
- Information that you know, but you cant verbalize out loud
- Includes:
- Emotional: How emotional states
- Procedural: How you do things; eg, driving a car
What is Explicit / Declarative memory?
Explicit / Declarative memory
- Information that can be verbalized
- Semantic: what; e.g. facts
- Episodic: when information occurred; when you learnt that fact
What is the difference between autobiographical and semantic memory?
Difference between autobiographical and semantic memory
- Autobiographical Memory
- Personal information
- Specific Events
- Semantic Memory
- Knowledge about the world
- How you know how to use tools, objects, cook
- Facts
- Knowledge about the world
Why is semantic memory important?
Most everyday cognitive activities rely on semantic memory…
- How to recognise and use objects
- Represent concepts in the form of language
- Fluid and flexible knowledge manipulation, association and combination of concepts
- Reasoning, planning the future or remembering the past doesn’t occur without conceptual content
What is meant by category specific impairment?
What is meant by category specific impairment?
- A patient is unable to name specific categories of objects
- E.g. unable to name body parts, but they are fine at categorizing other objects
What is the Picture Naming Task?
Picture Naming Task
Task: say line drawings out loud
- includes animals, fruits/vegtables, artefacts
Picture naming task for pictures from standardised set that were matched for familiarity and frequency and visual complexity and familiarity
- Used to test category specific impairments
What is the Sound Identification Task?
Sound Identification Task
- Task: you get sound characteristics and you need to name what is making the sound;
- e.g. dog barking, or car horn
Used to test category specific impairments
What is the Object Decision Task?
Object Decision Task
- Task: presented with objects that are either real or two other objects put together
- decide if the object is real of not
Used to test category specific impairments
What is the Parts Decision Task?
Parts Decision Task
- Task: given a picture of a body and a number of heads
- Which head goes with the body
used to test category specific impairments
What is Visual Processing?
Visual Processing
- visual matching and face recognition tasks
used to test category specific impairments
What is the Central Attribute Judgement Task?
Central Attribute Judgement Task
- Task: asks questions that tap into…
- visual/perceptual features
- E.g. does a cow have a mane? Does a whale have a large tail fin?
- And functional/associative features
- Does a whale fly? Does an eagle lay eggs?
used to test category specific impairments
What is the Processing Difficulty Hypothesis?
Early researchers were confused by why people were much poorer at categorizing living apposed to non-living things
- Task differences could be the result of…
-
Familiarity (how familiar people are with a word/object)
- People arent as familiar of living things
-
Frequency (how often the word/object appears in usage)
- People don’t see living things as frequently
-
Visual complexity
- Living things are more visually complex than non-living
What is the Neural structure principle?
Explains how semantic knowledge is organised/structured.
Neural structure principle – conceptual knowledge is organised based on neurally specific areas (a link between mind and brain - isomorphism) that store categorical information (e.g living things, non-living things)
- These are known as Modality specific theories, which includes…
- Sensory/Functional Theory
- Domain Specific Hypothesis
What is isomorphism?
a link between mind and brain - isomorphism
What is the Correlated structure principle?
Explains how semantic knowledge is organised/structured.
Correlated structure principle – conceptual knowledge (semantic system) is organized in the brain based on the statistical cooccurrence of different features of objects. Brain damage results in category specific impairments for correlated features; due to the inter relationship between the features
- These are known as Statistical Cooccurrence, which includes…
- Organised Unitary Content Hypothesis (OUCH)
- Conceptual-Structural Account