Sem A Unit 4: Modern Nation Flashcards
Government policy of non interference with the free market system. Led to many companies creating monopolies or trusts.
LAISSEZ FAIRE
period in the mid and late 1800s which resulted in a new burst of economic growth as a result of innovation, invention, increased manufacturing.
SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Causes of America’s Second Industrial Revolution
1. Natural Resources
2. Legacy of the First Industrial Revolution
3. Role of Government: Patent/free market
4. Stimulus of the Civil War
Partner with John D. Rockerfeller in Standard Oil. This tycoon helped to develop Florida by building, railroads and hotels throughout the State.
HENRY FLAGLER
Leading Banker, financier in the 19th century. Founded General Electrics and one of the worlds largest Bank.
John. P Morgan
AKA JP Morgan
19th century philosphy which held that most succesful individuals were born with superior talents which allowed them to adapt, survive and thrive. This philosophy als held that the poor were to blame for their condition instead of circumstances or institutional injustices.
SOCIAL DARWINISM
Entrepeneur who created created a line of comestic products for African American Women
Madam C.J. Walker
Immigrant who was born in Scotland started US Steel which at the time was the largest Steel company in the World.
ANDREW CARNEGIE
American Industrialist & philanthropist (donates wealth to improve society) who built a railroad empire in the 19th century.
CORNELIUS VANDERBILT
Group of workers who organize in order to negotiate better wages and benefits from business owners
Labor Unions
Largest and most influential labor union in the 19th century. Their power and number decline after the violence which resulted from the Haymarket Square Riot of 1886
Knights of Labor
Nationwide labor organizion that was founded by Samuel Gompers, a Jewish immigrant. AFL Members were restricted to skilled workers
American Federation of Labor
AFL
A process which reduced the cost of making steel by more than 80% percent. As a result it hep to spur economic growth in the United States.
Bessemer Process
Created by Samuel Morse in 1844 this invention allowed for the rapid communication over long distance through a seried of electromagnetic pulses.
TELEGRAPH
Credited with the invention of the Telephone in 1875
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
When one oner controls all companies and facilities at one strage of production of a good. I.E. John Rockerfeller who bought up 90% of all the oil refining companies in the US.
Horizontal Integration
When a company controls all the stages of the production and distribution (shipping) of a product.
VERTICAL INTEGRATION
system characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production. An ideaology popular by many members of labor unions
Socialism
rally which was organized by labor radicals to protest the killing and wounding of several workers by the Chicago police during a strike the day before at the McCormick Reaper Works. One of the protester threw dynamite at the police which resulted in the seven police and four protestors. Led to the reduced popularity of labor unions
Haymarket Square riot
Steel workers strike at US Steel factory. Strikers were fired by management and “blacklisted” from future employment in the steel industry. Steel workers union collapesed.
Homestead Strike
Strike organized by Labor leader Eugene Debs at a Railroad Car company. United States President sent troops to end the strike stating that mail had to be delivered. This event led to the decline of the American Railway Union and another example of Government supporting Business owners over workers.
Pullman Strike
Inventor of the railway air brake, which stops all the cars of a train at the same time.
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE
Inventor of many things including the phonograph, light bulb, and motion pictures.
THOMAS EDISON
Developed an alternating current (AC) motor which could travel further than a direct current (DC) model. Worked with Thomas Edison before starting his own company.
NICOLA TESLA
When a company has total control over an industry. Many were formed in the late 1800s because of the government’s laissezfaire (hands-off) attitude. Companies used the theory of Social Darwinism to justify their unfair business practices.
MONOPOLY
Used in textile mills and coal mines especially. Paid less than adults. By 1910, as many as 1 out of every 5 children under 15 years old was working outside the home.
CHILD LABOR
1882 law banning Chinese immigration of skilled and unskilled laborers for a period of ten years. The act was periodically renewed and not repealed until 1943.
CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT
Japanese government’s (1907-08) agreement to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the U.S. in exchange for the repeal of San Francisco’s segregation order that had separated Japanese children and put them in a separate school.
GENTLEMAN’S AGREEMENT ACT
An early reform program that preached salvation through service to the poor. Called on governments, churches, and private charities to work together to help people in need.
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SOCIAL GOSPEL MOVEMENT
Community centers established in “slum” neighborhoods to provide services for immigrants and the urban poor. Services included health care, child care, education, and help with obtaining naturalization. By 1910, about 400 existed. Helped cultivate social responsibility toward the urban poor.
SETTLEMENT HOUSES
Powerful groups that controlled the activities of a political party in a city. Gained votes and financial support by offering help to voters and businesses. Helped solve urban problems, but were susceptible to corruption.
POLITICAL MACHINES
Law passed by Congress making it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or other countries. Language was vague, limiting its effectiveness.
SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT OF 1890
Series of laws passed in several Midwestern states that shared the same intent: to make pricing of railroad rates more favorable to farmers, small rural farmers in particular. It was a topic of much debate at the time and ended up leading to several important court cases, such as Munn v. Illinois and Wabash v. Illinois .
GRANGER LAWS
Groups formed to educate farmers about topics such as interest rates on loans and government control of banks and railroads. Membership grew to more than 4 million – leads to the rise of the Populist Party
FARMER’S ALLIANCE
Political movement created out of the farmers alliances. Supported: graduated income tax, regulated banks, increase in the money supply, government ownership of railroad and telegraph lines, eight-hour work day, restrictions on immigration, and voting reforms.
POPULISM
Impassioned speech given by William Jennings Bryan (Democratic nominee for President in the 1896 election). Criticized the monetary policy of the government for being too hard on the farmer; said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on a cross of gold – helped gain him the support of the Populists.
CROSS OF GOLD SPEECH
Passed in response to the growing complaints of farmers. It required the government to purchase almost twice as much silver as before, and added substantially to the amount of money already in circulation. It threatened to undermine the U.S. Treasury’s gold reserves. After the panic of 1893 President Cleveland called a special session of Congress and secured (1893) the repeal of the act.
SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT OF 1894
Policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. For America, there was a desire for military strength, a thirst for new economic markets, and a belief in cultural superiority.
IMPERIALISM
Book written by Alfred Thayer Mahan – an influential imperialist thinker. Pushed for a strong naval fleet, a canal through Panama, colonies in the Pacific and Caribbean to serve as naval bases, and greater trade with East Asia.
INFLULENCE OF SEA POWER ON HISTORY
Also called yellow journalism. Technique for selling more newspapers by sensationalizing and exaggerating news events to lure and enrage readers.
YELLOW PRESS
War brought about by a desire to help Cuban rebels gain independence from Spain, preserve American economic interests, and yellow journalism. Ends after 4 months with the Treaty of Paris -Spain frees Cuba, gives Guam and Puerto Rico to U.S., and sells the Philippines to the U.S.
SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
Amendment to the war resolution that authorized the Spanish-American war. Ensured that the U.S. would not annex Cuba after the war.
TELLER AMENDMENT
Cuban immigrants in Florida supported the Cuban revolutionaries. As war grew more certain, the industrialist Henry Plant pushed for troops to be based out of Tampa. Army headquarters were established in his Tampa Bay Hotel and camps were set up around Tampa.
FLORIDA’S ROLE IN THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
Americans who opposed imperialism. Some believed it was immoral and went against the basic values of democracy. Some feared economic consequences – cheap labor leading to lower wages. Some feared conflict with other imperial powers.
ANTI-IMPERIALISTS
Provisions the U.S. required the Cubans to adopt into their new constitution before we would remove U.S. troops after the SpanishAmerican War. They stated that Cuba could not sign treaties limiting its independence, Cuba could not go into a debt it could not pay, the U.S. reserved the right to intervene, and the US could buy or lease land on the island for naval and refueling stations.
PLATT AMENDMENT
Created by U.S. Secretary of State Hay in 1899 when he sent letters to other imperialist nations proposing equal trading rights for all nations throughout China. After the Boxer Rebellion, Hay announced the U.S. would oppose any attempts to divide up China.
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OPEN DOOR POLICY
Peace treaty negotiated by President Theodore Roosevelt between Russia and Japan. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.
TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH
Canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (19041914) – created a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Construction was difficult – cut through hills and jungle; mosquitos carrying malaria and yellow fever required draining of swamps; had to rebuild the railway to transport construction equipment.
PANAMA CANAL
Roosevelt’s foreign policy based on a proverb that said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” It is the idea of negotiating peacefully, while simultaneously threatening with the military.
BIG STICK POLICY
Added to the Monroe doctrine, basically saying that the U.S. would now use force to protect its economic interests. Deeply resented by most Latin Americans.
ROOSEVELT CORROLARY
Reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established an Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to carry out the act. Created over public pressure - railroads were perceived to have abused their power as a result of too little competition. The ICC was not effective since it lacked
Interstate Commerce Act
Writers who exposed the abuses and corruption of society. Usually caused public outcry for reform. Examples: Upton Sinclair – meatpacking industry Ida Tarbell – Rockefeller’s (Standard Oil) ruthless business practices.
Muckrakers
After Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle , the public demanded action.
Meat Inspection Act in 1906 regulated the meatpacking industry (until the 1990s). Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906 halted sale of contaminated food and medicines and called for truth in labeling.
National
Food & Drug Administration
Group founded in 1869 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Pushed for voting rights for women.
National Women’s Suffrage Association
