Sem 2 - Task 5 Flashcards
Process of Urbanisation
Refers to the increasing percentage or proportion of people living in urban areas of a country
Typically involves the movement or shift of people from rural to urban areas or a large influx of migrants into urban areas at a greater rate than rural areas
Urban Growth
An increase in the number of people living in urban places
21st Century is known as the ‘urban century’. Globally 56.6% of the worlds population lives in urban areas and is expected to increase to 68% by 2050.
These numbers are up from a previous 30% in 1950
Liveability
The quality of space and the built environment
Factors of Liveability
- Access to healthcare, education and public transport, availability of green spaces, cultural amenities, and opportunities for social interactions
Mega City
An urban area with a population over 10 million people, 30 MC’s worldwide
Implications on of urbanisation on world population in urban areas:
Urban Living
- The implications of urbanisation on world population growth in urban places include additional growth that may take place in the short term
This can be through natural increases from younger people who move to urban places, as they are more likely to have children
Urban living is generally linked to:
Higher levels of education and literacy
Better health
Longer life expectancy
Greater access to social services
- However in the long term these population growth rates may slow because fertility rates lower in urban areas
Implications of urbanisation on world population in urban areas:
The Rise of Mega Cities
A mega city is defined as an urban area with a population over 10 million people. Around 30 MCs worldwide
They are predominately located in Asia
The biggest being Tokyo (37 mill), Dehli (30 mill), Shanghai (27 mill)
The rapid development of cities leads to the expansion of city borders, often joining other neighbouring urban areas
Some mega cities created through vast population growth cannot provide basic neccessites for their people such as: Lagos, Nigeria
These unsustainable areas face challenges like traffic congestion, pollution, strain on infrastructure. These factors lead settlements to have increased socio-economic disparities
Economic Interdependence
- When two groups become reliant on each other to boost their economic status
Specific Example: Mining and Forestry
Materials:
- Raw materials flow from urban and rural areas
- Forest product such as ‘timber’ are used in construction and as a fuel source in urban areas
Jobs:
- There is significant job creation in both rural and urban places due to mines being in rural places while the head offices and relevant government departments are in cities
- Between 25% - 40% of Perth’s office space is linked to mining and exploration e.g. Fortescue metals, BHP, Rio Tinto, all have HO’s in Perth
Flow of money:
- There is a flow of money from both areas, as urban areas supply workers (tradesman/proffessionals) to the mining companies.
- Governments tax these companies through ‘royalties’ which are used to fund infrastructure development and service provision in urban and rural areas
Environmental Interdependence
- refers to Urban places reliance on rural places to manage the environment effectively to ensure the needs of growing populations are met
Specific Example: Ecosystem Services
Nature in rural areas provides many ecosystem services that are essential to human survival and wellbeing in urban and rural areas
This include: clear air and water, flood and drought mitigation, soils and soil fertility, pollution mitigation, pest control, seed dispersal
Urban areas are dependent on how well rural places are managed
Urban areas can affect rural areas (urban wastes) and rural areas have the capacity to affect urban (agricultural and mining wastes)
Implications of urbanisation on world population growth in rural areas:
Population loss
Population loss:
In Remote regions of Australia like WA or SA, urbanisation leads to depopulation as residents move to major cities for better oppportunites:
This leads to a much younger demographic in urban areas: main populous 20-49 year olds
This results in shrinking communities and challenges in maintaining local infrastructure and services
Decrease in birth rates:
In rural parts of TAS and NT, urbanistation correlates with lower birth rates due to factors like:
- increased education and employment opportunities in urban areas
- higher living costs in rural areas
- changing social norms
Which all lead populations to move from rural to urban places
Urban Sprawl
refers to the outward spread of typically low density residential and urban development on the periphery of urban areas
In Australia, urban environments, such as capital cities, tends to occur in low density fashion, resulting in single-storey- deattacthed homes being built on the outer edges of the urban area
Particularly prevalent in Melbourne, Sydney and Perth, which is sprawling the fastest, which is spreading approx. 150 km along the coast and with the average resident roughly 21 KMs from CBD
Invasion and Succession
refers to the gradual invasion of one land use type into and area dominated by a different land use in that particular zone
Succession - has occurred when the invading land use has almost COMPLETELY transformed the land use in that particular zone
For e.g. medical specialists, are carried out in buildings not originally designed for old houses
Urban renewal
refers to larger, wholesale redevelopment projects which can take place within an urban or rural location
Renewal
The rehabilitation of urban areas by revegatation, replacement, repair or renovation in accordance with comprehensive plans, typically large scale redevelopment projects, usually intiated by the government
Land Use Planning
Planning policies and regulations that play an important role in shaping the land uses and charactersitics of urban and rural places
includes: land use zoning, transport planning, grouping of compatiable land uses, creation of buffer zones between incompatiable land uses