SEM. 2 EXAM Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
Humanistic psychologists focus on the importance of _________ ________ ____________.
A
Healthy growth potential
2
Q
Which statement best exemplifies contemporary psychology’s understanding of the nature and nurture issue?
A
Depression is a disorder of the brain and of thought
3
Q
Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a __________________ perspective.
A
Social-cultural
4
Q
Contemporary psychology is best described as the scientific study of ______________ _______ __________ ________________.
A
Behavior and mental processes
5
Q
A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ______________ perspective.
A
Cognitive
6
Q
Dr. Kozak has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcohol dependence among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalist religious influences in that region. This belief best illustrates a ________________ perspective.
A
Social-cultural
7
Q
Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”?
A
John B. Watson
8
Q
The first psychological laboratory was established by ___________ __________.
A
Wilhelm Wundt
9
Q
Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband’s angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband’s behavior from a ______________ perspective.
A
Psychodynamic
10
Q
Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?
A
Clinical psychology
11
Q
Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of _________ ______ __________.
A
Nature and nurture
12
Q
Mr. Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Mr. Lopez favors a ______________ perspective on depression.
A
Biological
13
Q
Wilhelm Wundt’s laboratory work involved experimental studies of ____________ _____ ____________ _____________.
A
Reactions to sensory stimulation
14
Q
Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?
A
Sigmund Freud
15
Q
Which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a “blank slate”?
A
John Locke
16
Q
Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as _______________.
A
Introspection
17
Q
Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
A
Behavioral
18
Q
In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of ___________ ______________.
A
Mental processes
19
Q
The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of ______________ ______________.
A
Observable responses
20
Q
The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as ____________ _____________.
A
Natural selection
21
Q
Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the _____________ _________ ____ ____________ ___________ ______ ___________.
A
Adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions
22
Q
Who highlighted the reproductive advantages or environmentally adaptive traits?
A
Charles Darwin
23
Q
Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?
A
Cognitive
24
Q
The hindsight bias leads people to perceive research finding as _______________.
A
Unsurprising
25
What statement is correct about the relationship between correlation and causation?
Correlation indicates the possibility of a causal relationship, but it does not prove causation.
26
After noting that a majority of professional basketball players are African-American, Ervin concluded that African-Americans are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin's conclusion best illustrates the danger of _______________ _______ _________ ________.
Generalizing from vivid cases
27
What do scientists call an explanation that organizes observations and predicts future behaviors or events?
Theory
28
Why is replication important to science?
Repeated research with similar results increases confidence in the reliability of the original findings.
29
To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a _______________.
Population
30
In 1953, H.M. Underwent surgery to control his seizures. Doctors removed tissue from the hippocampus. As a result, H.M.'s memory was severely impaired. Psychologists studied H.M.'s memory function until his death in 2008. Which research method did the psychologists utilize in this situation?
Case study
31
Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern?
standard deviation
32
If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are ______________ ______________.
Positively correlated
33
When we see certain outcomes as obvious based on what has occurred, we may be experiencing _____________.
Humility
34
Why are researchers so careful about drawing conclusions regarding statistical significance?
They want to make sure an observed difference isn't due to chance.
35
In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the __________ condition.
Control
36
In 1920, behaviorist John B. Watson conditioned an 8-month-old infant, Albert. He was turned over to Dr. Watson without permission. This violates which ethical principle developed by the American Psychological Association?
Informed consent
37
Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college grades?
Correlation coefficient
38
Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between ___________ ______ ___________.
Causes and effects
39
A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation?
Debriefing
40
Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a __________.
Theory
41
Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in ______________ __________________.
Naturalistic observation
42
What is true for those assigned to a control group?
The experimental treatment is absent.
43
If psychologists discovered thar more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would demonstrate that the intelligence of parents and children is _______________ __________________.
Positively correlated
44
What is the advantage of researchers using an empirical approach in evaluating the accuracy eyewitness testimony?
Under controlled conditions, researchers collect evidence that may justify a cause-effect conclusion.
45
In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would most likely be affected by a couple of extremely high scores?
Mean
46
To accurately infer cause and effect, experimenters should use __________ ______________.
Random assignment
47
A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular behavior is called an ____________.
Experiment
48
In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the independent variable?
Time of day
49
What is true about melatonin?
It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream.
50
Understanding hypnosis in terms of focused attention, distinctive brain activity, and the presence of an authoritative presence in a legitimate context, requires an integrated ___________________ approach.
Biopsychosocial
51
As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience an ______________ _____ _______ _______.
Increase in REM sleep
52
Traffic accident rates have been found to ______________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to _____________ after the fall change back to standard time.
Increase; decrease
53
Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of _____________ _________________.
Physical dependence
54
An altered state of consciousness similar to that of a near-death experience is most likely to result from the use of _______.
LSD
55
Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ___________ content.
Manifest
56
Alcohol consumption is LEAST likely to make people more _______________.
Self-conscious
57
The occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that ___________, like most other mammals, ________ _______ ________.
Humans; need REM sleep
58
At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of _________ ____________.
REM sleep
59
Slow-wave sleep promotes _____________ ___________.
Effective memory
60
Alpha waves are associated with ____________ _____ _________ _________.
Relaxed but awake state
61
People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. What best explains this phenomenon?
Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory.
62
The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of _________ ____ ________.
Stage 1 sleep
63
Consciousness is ______ _________________ _____ ______________ ______ _____ ________________.
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
64
Sleeptalking may occur during ______ ________ ___ ________.
Any stage of sleep
65
Deep sleep appears to play an important role in _____________ __________.
Physical growth
66
The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by the fact that ________ __________ _______________ ______ _____________.
Most mammals experience REM rebound
67
Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that ______________ __________ are simply enacting the role of _______ ___________ __________.
Hypnotized people; good hypnotic subjects
68
Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of _______________ ___________.
Biological rhythms
69
According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to its ________________ ______ _____________ ____________.
Underlying but censored meaning
70
A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called _______________.
Dissociation
71
Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-olds spend _______ ________ ___ ______ ________.
Less time in deep sleep
72
LSD is most likely to produce _________________.
Hallucinations
73
A brief 15- to 30-minute rush of euphoria followed by a crash of agitated depression is most closely associated with the use of ____________.
Cocaine
74
What are the 4 stages of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
75
Which terms go under the sensorimotor stage?
Object permanence
| Stranger anxiety
76
What terms fit under the preoperational stage?
Egocentric
Pretend play
Language development
77
Which terms fit under the concrete operational stage?
Mathematical transformation
| Conservation
78
Which terms fit under the formal operational stage?
Abstract logic
| Moral reasoning
79
Generativity vs. ________________
Stagnation
80
Initiative vs. ___________
Guilt
81
Intimacy vs. _____________
Isolation
82
Integrity vs. ___________
Despair
83
Trust vs. ____________
Mistrust
84
Identity vs. ________ _______________
Role confusion
85
Autonomy vs. __________/____________
Shame/doubt
86
Industry vs. _________________
Inferiority
87
Because Greta is an extravert, she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to laugh and socialize with her friends. Because Jim is an introvert, he frequently spends weekends in the library where it's easy to quietly reflect and study. Greta and Jim best illustrate what is meant by ______________ _______________.
Reciprocal determinism
88
Freud emphasize that emotional healing is associated with the ______________ of ______________ _____________.
Recovery; repressed wishes
89
What would most likely be said by a critic of humanistic psychology?
Humanistic concepts are too big and subjective, making them difficult to measure objectively.
90
Which personality theorists have most clearly been credited with encouraging a popular believe that a positive self-concept is the key to happiness and success?
Humanistic theorists
91
Freud suggested that a man's inability to remember his childhood Oedipus complex illustrates _________________.
Repression
92
Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development.
Anal
93
By selective breeding, researchers can produce board or shy birds. This best illustrates that some personality differences among birds are ________________ _______________.
Genetically influenced
94
Being sociable and fun loving is most closely related to the big five trait dimension of _______________.
Extraversion
95
Excepting ourselves without undue dependence on the approval of others best illustrates ___________ ________________.
Secure self-esteem
96
Being highly imaginative is most closely related to the big five trait dimension of ______________.
Openness
97
According to the social cognitive perspective, the best predictor of students academic success in college would be their _________ __________ _______.
High school GPA
98
According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for media gratification of basic drives is the _____.
id
99
Rona was asked by her psychotherapist to describe what she saw in 10 ambiguous inkblots. Roma was most likely responding to a _______________ test.
Projective
100
Karen horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud's assumption that women have ________ ______________.
Weak superegos
101
Frida was informed by a professional palm reader: "you generally communicate openly with others, but you have certain dark secrets that even your closest friends could never guess." The fact that Frida was impressed by the palm readers insight into her personality best illustrates the ___________ ___________.
Barnum effect
102
Larry studies diligently because he is haunted by an image of himself being unable to get a job after graduation. Larry's diligence best illustrates the motivational impact of _______________ ___________.
Possible selves
103
Freud believed that censored dream contents were ____________.
Fixations
104
Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called _______________ tests.
Projective
105
Freud suggested that pleasure seeking energies focused on distinct erogenous zones as we progress through various _____________________ _____________.
Psychosexual stages
106
Which instrument has been used for career counseling in work team development to help identify individuals' personality types?
MBTI
107
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the ________ to _____________ _______________ ____________ from being _________________ __________________.
Ego; prevent threatening impulses; consciously recognized
108
And individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her _______________.
Personality
109
Arguments as to whether people's behavior is more strongly influenced by temporary external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize the ___________-____________ ________________.
Person-situation controversy
110
Individualism is to collectivism as ________-_____________ is to ____________ ____________.
Self-flattery; personal modesty
111
There is little evidence supporting the idea that defense mechanisms ___________ _____________ _________.
Divert instinctual energy
112
Mrs. Sunstedt believe that parents should except and try to understand their children's feelings and should honestly disclose their own inner feelings to their children. Her approach to parent child interaction with most explicitly recommended by ________ ____________.
Carl Rogers
113
Resisting the temptation to eat chocolate chip cookies lead research participants to subsequently give up sooner than normal on efforts to complete a tedious task. This illustrated that self-control weakens following an ____________ of __________.
Exertion; energy
114
After expanding will power by stifling prejudice during laboratory tasks, research participants were temporarily less ______________ _______________.
sexually restrained
115
According to Freud, our gender identity develops most rapidly during the ____________ stage.
Phallic
116
Freud emphasized that the ego operates on the _________ principle.
Reality
117
Neo-Freudian personality theorist were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of ________________ __________ ____________.
Childhood sexual instincts
118
Compared with those who perceive an External locus of control, people who perceive and internal locus of control are likely to be __________________ ______________.
Academically successful
119
According to Maslow, the desire to fulfill one's potential is the motivation for _______-________________.
Self-actualization
120
Psychoanalytic theory suggest that the ego disguises threatening impulses in reduces anxiety by means of ___________________ ______________ ___________.
Unconditional positive regard
121
Religious and ethnic diverse city are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by __________________.
Individualism
122
Although Ralph frequently cheats on Classroom tests, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other students to even more than he does. He is mistaken belief best illustrates ________-____________ _______.
Self-serving bias
123
Mark typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Mark and chandler indicate that each has a distinctive ________________.
Personality
124
The person situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of _______________ and _________ on behavior.
Environments; traits
125
What is said to function as an organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
The self
126
Which perspective builds it personality theory from psychological research on learning and cognition?
Social-cognitive
127
A sense of being separated from your body and watching yourself with a sense of detachment is a symptom of ________________.
Dissociation
128
Alexis is socially withdrawn and has a few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of psychological disorder if it is preventing her from ______________ _____________.
Functioning effectively
129
Inanna suffers from chronic depression. According to the social cognitive perspective, how is she most likely to respond when told that she performed very poorly on a test she took the previous day?
"I'm academically incompetent and always will be."
130
An immediate and irrational anxiety response to the mere sight of blood is indicative of a ___________ ___________.
Specific phobia
131
The billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistance carry out elaborate handwashing rituals and wear white gloves when handling any document he would later touch. His behavior best illustrated the symptoms of ______________-______________ ________________.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
132
One cluster of personality disorders marked by anxiety is exemplified by the ______________ personality disorder.
Avoidant
133
Which group of severe disorders is characterized by disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions?
Schizophrenia
134
According to the medical model, psychological disorders are ________________ that need to be _____________ and __________.
Sicknesses; diagnosed; cured
135
Schizophrenia that develops gradually over a long period of time is called _________ schizophrenia.
Chronic
136
One of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia includes__________________.
Hallucinations
137
Psychiatrist and psychologist are most likely to consider socially unusual behavior as disordered if it is _____________ ______________.
Personally distressful
138
A lack of conscience is most characteristics of those who have an _____________ ______________ disorder.
Antisocial personality
139
The reduced self control of murderers is most closely related to reduce brain activity in their __________ lobes.
Frontal
140
Anxiety is considered disordered if it is _______________ and ______________.
Persistent and distressing
141
Although World War II air raids were extremely traumatic for those who experienced them, a few of these people develop lasting phobic reactions to overhead planes. This fact is best explained from a_______________ perspective.
Biological
142
After several weeks of feeling apathetic into satisfied with his life, Marcus and they become extremely tearful and so talkative he can't be interrupted. He seems to need less sleep in becomes irritated with his friends tell him to slow down. Mark's behavior is indicative of ___________ _____________.
Bipolar disorder
143
A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause is a ______________ _____________.
Somatoform disorder
144
For the last month, Gabrielle his foot with our Jake and has been unable to get out of bed in the morning. She has withdrawn from friends and family because she feels worthless and unlovable. Gabrielle is most likely suffering from ________ ________________ ____________.
Major depressive disorder
145
The symptoms of ____________ _______________ are likely to appear at an earlier stage then the symptoms of ______________.
Antisocial personality; schizophrenia
146
Most political dissidents who survive dozens of episodes of torture do not later exhibit PTSD. This best illustrates survivor______________.
Resiliency
147
In which disorder is a person continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic arousal?
Generalized anxiety disorder
148
Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his 10th floor apartment. To reduce his anxiety, he frequently counters heartbeats allowed. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing an ____________-_____________ _____________.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
149
Misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a dreaded disease is indicative of __________________.
Hypochondriasis
150
What has been pinpointed as an early warning sign for the subsequent onset of schizophrenia?
Poor muscle coordination
151
Melissa suffers from auditory hallucinations and falsely believes that her former high school teachers are trying to kill her. Melissa's symptoms are most likely to be relieved by ______________ drugs.
Antipsychotic
152
What would be most helpful for encouraging adults with intellectual disability to make their beds every morning?
Token economy
153
By earning a client's trust, empathic and caring therapists promote a ______________ _____________.
Therapeutic alliance
154
During a marriage counseling session, the therapist suggests to Mr. and Mrs. Gallo that they each restate their spouse's comments before making their own. The therapist was applying a technique most closely associated with __________-____________ ___________.
Client-centered therapy
155
Mental health therapies that involve prescribed drugs or other procedures that act directly on a patient's nervous system are _____________ ____________.
Biomedical therapies
156
A physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders is called a ________________.
Psychiatrist
157
In treating alcohol dependency, therapists have clients consume alcohol that contains a nausea-producing drug. This technique is known as ____________ ______________.
Aversive conditioning
158
Helping patients gain awareness of their unconscious conflicts and defensive behaviors is a major goal of both psychoanalysis and ________________ ____________.
Psychodynamic therapy
159
Xanax and Ativan are ____________ drugs.
Antianxiety
160
To help Mr. Eberstadt overcome his addiction to alcohol, his therapist first attempted to discover whether the substance dependency was somehow a reaction to his wife's behavior. The therapist's concern is most likely to be characteristic of a ____________ ______________.
Family therapist
161
Which drugs appear to produce therapeutic effects by blocking receptor sites for dopamine?
Antipsychotic drugs
162
According to psychoanalysts, resistance refers to the __________ from ______________ of __________-_________ _____________ during therapy.
Blocking; consciousness; anxiety-laden material
163
Preventive mental health is based on the assumption that psychological disorders result from _____________ ___________ _______________.
Stressful social situations
164
Psychopharmacology involves the study of how ________ affect ________ and ____________.
Drugs; mind; behavior
165
Who would be most likely to anticipate that patients are often motivated to resist specific therapeutic instructions?
A psychoanalyst
166
Which drug has provided the most help to schizophrenia patients experiencing auditory hallucinations and paranoia?
Thorazine
167
Call Rogers is known for the development of ________-____________ ____________.
Client-centered therapy
168
Surgically cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion controlling centers of the inner brain is called a ______________.
Lobotomy
169
Antipsychotic drugs have proved helpful in the treatment of _______________.
Schizophrenia
170
In which form of therapy is unwanted behavior systematically associated with unpleasant experiences?
Aversive conditioning
171
An integrative therapy that aims to modify both self-defeating thinking and maladaptive actions is known as ______________-_______________ ____________.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
172
Which approach would attempt to minimize psychological disorders by working to reduce the incidence of child abuse in illiteracy in society?
Preventive mental health
173
Do not perform today, lobotomies provide a historical example of ______________.
Psychosurgery
174
Research has shown that clients' level of satisfaction with psychotherapy is ___________ to the level of ____________ and _____________ of their therapists.
Unrelated; training; experience
175
Preventive mental health attempts to reduce the incidence of psychological disorders by _________________ ____________ to _____________ _________ and other __________________ ____________.
Establishing programs; alleviate poverty; demoralizing situations
176
Collette received a surprisingly high grade on her first biology test. She failed to perform as well on the second test, however, even though she studied equally for both tests. What best explains Collette's deteriorating pattern of importance?
Regression toward the mean
177
Which form of therapy is most likely to be criticized for offering interpretations that cannot be Proven or disproven?
Psychoanalysis
178
A trained therapist who uses psychological techniques to assist someone to overcome excessive anxiety would generally be best described as a _________________.
Psychotherapist
179
Mr. Choi's therapist wants to help him become aware of his conflicting childhood feelings of love and hate for his parents. The therapist's goal best reflects a primary aim of __________________.
Pasychoanalysis
180
Proponents of ________ ____________ have argued that maintaining appropriate patient behaviors with positive rewards is more humane than relying on punishment.
Token economies
