SEM. 2 EXAM Flashcards
Humanistic psychologists focus on the importance of _________ ________ ____________.
Healthy growth potential
Which statement best exemplifies contemporary psychology’s understanding of the nature and nurture issue?
Depression is a disorder of the brain and of thought
Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a __________________ perspective.
Social-cultural
Contemporary psychology is best described as the scientific study of ______________ _______ __________ ________________.
Behavior and mental processes
A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ______________ perspective.
Cognitive
Dr. Kozak has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcohol dependence among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalist religious influences in that region. This belief best illustrates a ________________ perspective.
Social-cultural
Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”?
John B. Watson
The first psychological laboratory was established by ___________ __________.
Wilhelm Wundt
Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband’s angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband’s behavior from a ______________ perspective.
Psychodynamic
Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?
Clinical psychology
Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of _________ ______ __________.
Nature and nurture
Mr. Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Mr. Lopez favors a ______________ perspective on depression.
Biological
Wilhelm Wundt’s laboratory work involved experimental studies of ____________ _____ ____________ _____________.
Reactions to sensory stimulation
Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?
Sigmund Freud
Which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a “blank slate”?
John Locke
Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as _______________.
Introspection
Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
Behavioral
In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of ___________ ______________.
Mental processes
The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of ______________ ______________.
Observable responses
The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as ____________ _____________.
Natural selection
Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the _____________ _________ ____ ____________ ___________ ______ ___________.
Adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions
Who highlighted the reproductive advantages or environmentally adaptive traits?
Charles Darwin
Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?
Cognitive
The hindsight bias leads people to perceive research finding as _______________.
Unsurprising
What statement is correct about the relationship between correlation and causation?
Correlation indicates the possibility of a causal relationship, but it does not prove causation.
After noting that a majority of professional basketball players are African-American, Ervin concluded that African-Americans are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin’s conclusion best illustrates the danger of _______________ _______ _________ ________.
Generalizing from vivid cases
What do scientists call an explanation that organizes observations and predicts future behaviors or events?
Theory
Why is replication important to science?
Repeated research with similar results increases confidence in the reliability of the original findings.
To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school’s students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a _______________.
Population
In 1953, H.M. Underwent surgery to control his seizures. Doctors removed tissue from the hippocampus. As a result, H.M.’s memory was severely impaired. Psychologists studied H.M.’s memory function until his death in 2008. Which research method did the psychologists utilize in this situation?
Case study
Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern?
standard deviation
If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are ______________ ______________.
Positively correlated
When we see certain outcomes as obvious based on what has occurred, we may be experiencing _____________.
Humility
Why are researchers so careful about drawing conclusions regarding statistical significance?
They want to make sure an observed difference isn’t due to chance.
In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the __________ condition.
Control
In 1920, behaviorist John B. Watson conditioned an 8-month-old infant, Albert. He was turned over to Dr. Watson without permission. This violates which ethical principle developed by the American Psychological Association?
Informed consent
Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college grades?
Correlation coefficient
Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between ___________ ______ ___________.
Causes and effects
A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation?
Debriefing
Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a __________.
Theory
Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in ______________ __________________.
Naturalistic observation
What is true for those assigned to a control group?
The experimental treatment is absent.
If psychologists discovered thar more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would demonstrate that the intelligence of parents and children is _______________ __________________.
Positively correlated
What is the advantage of researchers using an empirical approach in evaluating the accuracy eyewitness testimony?
Under controlled conditions, researchers collect evidence that may justify a cause-effect conclusion.
In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would most likely be affected by a couple of extremely high scores?
Mean
To accurately infer cause and effect, experimenters should use __________ ______________.
Random assignment
A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular behavior is called an ____________.
Experiment
In the hypothesis “Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep,” what is the independent variable?
Time of day
What is true about melatonin?
It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream.
Understanding hypnosis in terms of focused attention, distinctive brain activity, and the presence of an authoritative presence in a legitimate context, requires an integrated ___________________ approach.
Biopsychosocial
As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience an ______________ _____ _______ _______.
Increase in REM sleep
Traffic accident rates have been found to ______________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to _____________ after the fall change back to standard time.
Increase; decrease
Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of _____________ _________________.
Physical dependence
An altered state of consciousness similar to that of a near-death experience is most likely to result from the use of _______.
LSD
Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ___________ content.
Manifest
Alcohol consumption is LEAST likely to make people more _______________.
Self-conscious
The occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that ___________, like most other mammals, ________ _______ ________.
Humans; need REM sleep
At 3 o’clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of _________ ____________.
REM sleep
Slow-wave sleep promotes _____________ ___________.
Effective memory
Alpha waves are associated with ____________ _____ _________ _________.
Relaxed but awake state
People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. What best explains this phenomenon?
Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory.
The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of _________ ____ ________.
Stage 1 sleep
Consciousness is ______ _________________ _____ ______________ ______ _____ ________________.
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Sleeptalking may occur during ______ ________ ___ ________.
Any stage of sleep
Deep sleep appears to play an important role in _____________ __________.
Physical growth
The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by the fact that ________ __________ _______________ ______ _____________.
Most mammals experience REM rebound
Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that ______________ __________ are simply enacting the role of _______ ___________ __________.
Hypnotized people; good hypnotic subjects
Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of _______________ ___________.
Biological rhythms
According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to its ________________ ______ _____________ ____________.
Underlying but censored meaning
A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called _______________.
Dissociation
Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-olds spend _______ ________ ___ ______ ________.
Less time in deep sleep
LSD is most likely to produce _________________.
Hallucinations
