SEM 2 Flashcards
Orbitofrontal cortex
Area in which cells respond to taste and smell
Posterior parietal cortex
Area in which cells respond to touch, vision, audition and are organised according to spatial location
Uses of multi-sensory integration
- Detection of weak stimulus is another modality
- Make sense of an ambiguous stimulus in another modality
- Alter quality of a stimulus in another modality
McGurk effect
Visual information influences the sound e.g. ventriloquism
Proprioception
Knowing where body is located in space
Kinaesthesia
Sense of movement
Synaesthesia
Stimulation leads to another perceptual experience e.g. tasting shapes
Proust effect
Vivid memories bring back particular smells - close linkage between smell and the limbic system
Marr’s approach process
Retinal Image - Grey level description - Primal sketch - 2.5 sketch - 3D representation
Stages of computational model
Computational theory
Algorithmic level
Mechanism level
Gestalt laws
- Similarity
- Good continuation
- Proximity
- Connectedness
- Closure
- Common Fate
- Familiarity
- Invariance
- Good Figure
Reification
Gives more spatial information than is present
Properties affecting distinction between figure and background
Symmetry Convexity Area Orientation Meaning/Importance
Cues to depth
- Oculomotor cues
- Pictorial
- Motion-produced
- Binocular disparity
Types of pictorial cues
- Occlusion
- Relative size
- Relative height
- Atmospheric perspective
- Familiar size
- Linear perspective
- Shading and shadow
- Texture gradient
Motion parallax
Nearby objects move faster than those further away - head bobbing, orthogonal running
5 ways to make a spot of light move
- Real Movement
- Apparent movement
- Induced movement
- Autokinetic Movement
- Movement aftereffects
Helmholtz’s outflow theory
Difference between internal signal to brain and efferent signal from world causes movement to be perceived
Ossicles
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Doppler effect
High frequency sounds lost over longer distances - sound lower frequency
Binaural space perception
Use interaural intensity and time differences to determine direction
Head shadow causes attenuation
Precedence effect
Perceive sound as coming from initial source rather than reflecting continuously e.g. echoes
Shepard Tones
continuously ascending scale - ambigious sounds
Sine-wave speech
Remove acoustic cues from audio - when told what’s said it’s easier to hear
Merkel’s disc
Fine details receptor
Meissner’s corpuscle
flutter sensations
Ruffini organ
Stretching of skin
Pacinian corpuscle
Vibrations and fine textures
Why is 2 point discrimination greatest in finger tip?
Density of receptors greater in finger tip - if cells are too far apart only one is stimulated so one point is sensed
Tactile agnosia
WHAT
Difficulty identifying objects by touch, but not with spatial processing
Tactile extinction
WHERE
Difficulty perceiving spatial processing, but not with object recognition
Types of distortions
- Muller-Lyer
- Ponzo Illusion
- Poggendorff Illusion
- Hering Illusion
- Wundt Illusion
- Tichtner Illusion
Muller-Lyer
Different sized lines
Ponzo Illusion
Converging lines
Poggendorff Illusion
Straight line behind rectangle
Hering Illusion
Convergence of lines in centre
Wundt Illusion
Divergence of lines in centre
Tichtner Illusion
Over emphasis of size differences in grouped objects
Types of ambiguous figures
- Necker cube
- Rubin Vase
- Forced Interpretation
Types of fictional illusions
- Kanizsa Triangle
2. Ames Room
