SEM 1 EXAM Flashcards

Question

aetiology bullimia

Answer 1

- genetic - reduced serotonergic function - familial predis to obesity, substance use and mood disorders - epigenetic factors: exposure to maternal stress - under/over nutrition in utero

Answer 2

dietary restriction -> negative affect -> binge eating episode

Answer 3

- genetic - serotonin dysfucntion - hormonal disturbances - many develop depression b4

Answer 4

same as other disorders - behavioural weight loss pharma: SSRIs anticonvulsants

Answer 5

alcohol most used in AUS - comorbidity major challenge in treatment - 35% have other mental issues - earlier first use - increase risk of substance use disorder

Answer 6

- loss of control - choice theory - strong genetic component - reward systems: dopaminergic system & endogenous opioid system - inhibition dysregulation argues result of a failure of inhibitory system - learning, CC, inventive sensitisation theory

Answer 7

interaction b/w novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence

Answer 8

- outcome expectancy theory: individual’s expectation of positive consequences from substance use increases propensity to use - relapse prevention theory -CBT of AU

Answer 9

``` PRIME theory Plans Teaches Accounts Adresses Acknowledges ```

Answer 10

- family function, modelling, monitoring, permissive or too harsh - peers - substance use in marginalised communities cultural: availability, cost, social acceptability

Answer 11

- goals - detoxification (1st step) - medications - motivational interviewing - CBTraining - recovery models

Answer 12

serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline -> inhibitory control, reward mechanisms and arousal - personality: impulsivity classical and operant conditioning parental modelling and early neg childhood experiences - cultural attitudes - integrated pathways model (behaviourally conditioned, emotionally vulnerable, biologically based problem

Answer 13

public health model - prevention - gamblers anonymous - self-help - pharma, SSRIs, opioid antagonists, mood stabilisers, - primal addiction - cbt

Answer 14

1. degree to which person demonstrates certain traits and combinations of traits 2. Beck’s cognitive model: role of dysfunctional core beliefs about themselves, others and the world

Answer 15

schema therapy: EMSs and Modes 1. Rigid and resistant to change. 2. Educate about schemas and use cognitive and behavioural techniques to modify them Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs / life traps) - Unrelenting Standards: (achievement and morality) - All disorders Modes: - More state like, but very consistent - E.g., Angry Child (“feels intensely angry, enraged, infuriated, frustrated, impatient because the core emotional (or physical) needs are not being met”) - For Borderline and Narcissism

Answer 16

1. Linehan 2. For Borderline personality disorder but also for others (e.g., antisocial, substance abuse, and eating) 3. Disturbances emotional regulation 4. Biosocial model: due to interaction between biologically-based vulnerability and ‘invalidating’ environments 5. Group (skills and intensive) as well as individual 6. Clinically useful

Answer 17

1. Links cognitive psychology with object relations approach 2. Reciprocal role procedures: complimentary patterns regarding how individual enacts in relationships 3. Therapy: helping the person to develop an understanding of these reciprocal role procedures

Answer 18

aetiology: genetic neurological abnormalities with certain enviro conditions treatment: - difficult - trust and intimacy issues cbt, medication

Answer 19

aetiology of antisocial PD - interaction: genetic vulnerability and adverse environmental conditions treatment - mentalisation-based treatment - antidepr & lithium and antipsychotic medication (debate)

Answer 20

borderline PD aetiology - genetic & biological influences - strong association with psychosocial factors (childhood trauma) ``` treatment DBT psychodynamic cbt scheme therapy cognitive analytic therapy ```

Answer 21

- age/devel. level - dependence on parents - internal experiences - adults reactions/ interpretations

Answer 22

- inattentive - hyperactive/impulsive - combined

Answer 23

- behavioural interventions | - psychopharmacology + psychological treatments together most effective

Answer 24

- deficits in social-emotional reciprocity - deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviours - deficits in relationships - sameness, receptiveness, sensory issues

Answer 25

ability to attribute mental states— beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc.—to oneself, and to others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own.

Answer 26

excessive worry about separation from home or attachment figures, losing them, refusal to go places, fear of being alone - CBT

Answer 27

- angry/irritable mood - argumentative/defiant behaviour - vindictiveness

Answer 28

alterations in androgen - differences in frontal brain activation - brain injury - parental role

Answer 29

aggression to people or animals - societal norms violated persistently and repetitive (age-appropriate)

Answer 30

emptying of bladder Two categories: • Primary enuresis, where the child has never been dry • Secondary enuresis, where the child has had a period of dryness for at least six months - grow out of it

Answer 31

Repetitive soiling in inappropriate places at least once a month for three months

Answer 32

1. Premorbid phase—presence of risk factors prior to the onset of any symptoms 2. Prodromal phase—preliminary period of decline in mental state and functioning prior to onset 3. Acute phase—active positive and negative symptoms 4. Early recovery phase—associated with depression and anxiety 5. Later recovery phase—challenges with reintegrating into social, recreational and vocational pursuits

Answer 33

``` diathesis-stress model vulnerability factors: neurotransmitters abnormalities - psychosocial - triggering factors (drugs/alc, stress, both) ```

Answer 34

Dysfunction in auditory imagery theory: Hallucinating individuals them for actual sounds. • Refined auditory imagery theory: Hallucinating cannot tell the difference between actual and hallucinated sound. • Dysfunction in verbal self monitoring: Breakdown in ability to monitor one’s intention to make internal speech • Hallucinations and cognitive deficit: Increased susceptibility to intrusive and unwanted cognitive activity

Answer 35

- jumping to conclusion bias - blame others - spreading activation hypothesis

Answer 36

somatic - prominent anxiety about health (illness anxiety disorder) dissociative - loss of identity

Answer 37

disturbance in motor or sensory functioning

Answer 38

Factitious disorder imposed on another (previously called Munchausen syndrome by proxy) is when someone falsely claims that another person has physical or psychological signs or symptoms of illness, or causes injury or disease in another person with the intention of deceiving others.

Answer 39

``` biological: - under-activity of the HPA axis - neurobiological modles trauma personality: development of alexithymia, can predispose) ```

Answer 40

CBT - Behaviour therapy: combo of education, sensate focus exercises, communication skills - internet based treatment - meds

Answer 41

atypical sexual activities (children, non-consenting adults, non-human objects, humiliation of others or self)

Answer 42

* Exhibitionistic—exposing genitals to an involuntary observer * Fetishistic—use of nonliving object for sexual gratification * Frotteuristic—touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person for sexual gratification * Paedophilic—sexual activity with children * Sexual masochistic and sexual sadism—experience of sexual stimulation through the infliction of pain or humiliation on another person * Transvestic—cross-dressing * Voyeuristic—looking at unsuspecting individuals as they undress

Answer 43

gender expression different from what assigned at birth

Answer 44

improve with increasing age | better coping strategies

Answer 45

- Greater focus on meaningful relationships | - Perceived received social support predicts relationship satisfaction

Answer 46

- Active choices to adapt to events that might limit pursuit of goals

Answer 47

- most common dementia - causes: neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic changes, produced by a toxic molecule known as amyloid beta - cognitive dysfunction - memory impairment - personality changes, behaviour problems, - hallucinations

Answer 48

language disturbance

Answer 49

inability to carry out motor activities

Answer 50

failure to recognise objects as well as decline in exec functioning - planning, organising (not agnosia)

Answer 51

2nd or third most common form of dementia Causes: multiple strokes - single infarct (stroke) - small vessel disease in the brain

Answer 52

Frontotemporal dementia Lewy body dementia

Answer 53

psych and beh interventions Vaccine to slow progression? - Optimal care of individuals with dementia - Lifestyle: mental and physical activity

Answer 54

Individuals work towards goals to maintain emotional comfort decrease the effect of a health event on their lives - Response to health threat based on cognitive and emotional representations of the illness

Answer 55

ICTCC Identity, Cause, Timeline, Consequences, Control - Emotional representation of the illness such as fear, anxiety or resignation • Emotional responses impact on behaviour by motivating responses that reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions

Answer 56

``` bottom-up Universal preventive interventions Selective preventive interventions Indicated preventive interventions Treatment ```

Answer 57

- can disturb the immune system - impact on cancer in contradictory and unclear But goes through 3 stages: Stage 1 Alarm reaction (sympathetic dominance, arousal) Stage 2 Resistance (Endocrine releases stress hormones ) Stage 3 Exhaustion Adrenal gland loses ability to function normally

Answer 58

levels of anxiety can be high | role of positive affect and coping in response to illness - important

Answer 59

Describe and explore options, and then look at pros & cons of options before deciding

Answer 60

Maladaptive – Problem focused when many of the elements are essentially uncontrollable – Emotion-focused when the stress has many controllable elements