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Why some countries are rich ? > Selftest 1: The period before 1850 > Flashcards

Selftest 1: The period before 1850 Flashcards

1
Q

What does “Malthusian trap” imply?

A

More babies created than the technology available can feed

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2
Q

What does endogenous growth theory imply?

A

Economic theory where technology/technological change is an important factor

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3
Q

How does Neal/Cameron define economic growth?

A

A sustained increase in the total output of goods and services in a given society

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4
Q

What is the most common measure of output?

A

GDP (gross domestic product)

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5
Q

What does Neal/Cameron mean by economic development?

A

A substantial structural or organizational change in an economy

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6
Q

Name the classical factors of production

A

Land, labour, capital and human capital

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7
Q

What is the basic problem with using the classical factors of production for explaining historical change according to Neal/Cameron?

A

It more or less assumes that tastes, technology and social institutions are fixed and given

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8
Q

What is meant by human capital?

A

That people have a have good knowledge/education and/or ability and skills

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9
Q

What is implied by economic structure?

A

The size and character of different sectors in the economy

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10
Q

What does (Ernst) Engel’s law state?

A

That when incomes increases the proportion of income spent on food will shrink

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11
Q

Which human species were first to use tools?

A

Homo habilis

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12
Q

What are the “lucky latitudes”?

A

The section of Eurasia were most humans lived

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13
Q

What is the Neolithic revolution?

A

The phase when settled agriculture originated

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14
Q

When did the Neolithic revolution occur?

A

C. 13,000 BP

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15
Q

Where did the Neolithic revolution start?

A

In the western part of Asia (the Fertile Crescent)

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16
Q

Agriculture appeared independently in:

A

More than twenty places

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17
Q

In the Fertile Crescent agriculture first appeared:

A

On hillsides

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18
Q

When did empires appear in Western Asia?

A

5,500-3,000 BP

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19
Q

What is an emporia?

A

A place where merchants could live and trade

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20
Q

What was new about the Athenian empire?

A

It collectively financed a fleet and became the first maritime empire

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21
Q

What made Greek agriculture more productive?

A

Switching from grain to oil and wine and importing grain

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22
Q

What was one of Rome’s early comparative advantages?

A

Give trading privileges to conquered towns/regions and the protection of the Roman law

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23
Q

What, according to Neal/Cameron, explains the decline of Rome?

A

Plague, climate and lack of scientific research

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24
Q

Why did the Chinese Shang culture (c. 1520-1030 BCE) move their cities?

A

To find new access to copper ores

25
Q

When did China become a more unified economy incorporating several older kingdoms?

A

1,100 BCE

26
Q

What was characteristic of the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220)?

A

Free peasants who payed taxes and regulations of handicrafts for the purpose of producing luxuries

27
Q

Name two differences between the Han and the Roman empire according to Neal/Cameron

A

Roman law made movement between sectors possible and Roman coins were used for payment outside the empire

28
Q

What can explain the Neolithic revolution?

A

Technological invention, population pressure and climate change

29
Q

What characterize the climate in the Middle Ages?

A

A warmer and wetter climate

30
Q

Why did the Franks develop feudalism (a system of military and political relationships)?

A

In response to invasions of e.g. Muslims and Vikings

31
Q

What is manoralism?

A

An organization of self-sufficient agriculture where landowners bound the cultivators to the soil

32
Q

How large share of arable land was manorial land in England in the late 13th century?

A

25%

33
Q

What is meant by the three-course crop rotation?

A

That grain was grown in 2/3 of the arable land and 1/3 was devoted to fallow

34
Q

What was some listed advantages of three-course crop rotation?

A

Increased productivity, larger share of land could be planted, reduced risk of famine

35
Q

What technological innovations was associated to the three-course rotation?

A

Wheeled ploughs and horses as draft animals

36
Q

How did increasing population in Europe distribute itself in the Middle Ages?

A

By increased density of settlements, to wild and unsettled lands and over a larger area of Europe (geographically)

37
Q

What is a commune in the Italian context of the Middle Ages?

A

Urban government that strived for political freedom for the town

38
Q

What are some origins of the Medieval Crisis?

A

Crop failures and conflicts over land use

39
Q

What was the key economic factor behind the success of the Muslim economy?

A

Great commercial possibilities

40
Q

What was one positive effect of free access to mandarin exams for anyone?

A

Widespread literacy

41
Q

What seems to have been one obstacle for technological breakthrough in China?

A

That craft products were mostly intended for the elite

42
Q

What are considered the major contributions to civilization of the pre-modern economies in Southeast Asia?

A

Rice and spices

43
Q

What factors worked against a more developed agriculture in the Americas before the European conquest?

A

Few domesticated animals and few types of metals

44
Q

What major changes occurred in Europe from c. 15th century to mid 17th century?

A

Expanded geographical horizons and a shift of the economic centre of Europe towards north-western Europe

45
Q

Which countries/economies are considered important for the technological development of navigation c. 1500?

A

The Dutch and the Portuguese

46
Q

What was the largest industrial sector in Early Modern Europe?

A

Textiles

47
Q

What constituted the largest capital cost in the Early Modern Europe iron industry?

A

Iron ore and charcoal

48
Q

What was an effect of new raw materials from overseas on the European economy?

A

The establishment of new industries

49
Q

What type of trade is described as triangular in the early modern period?

A

The exchange of slaves to America, firearms and cloth to Africa and raw materials to Europe

50
Q

What is one major development concerning commercial organization in early modern Europe?

A

The development of larger, sometimes joint stock, trade companies

51
Q

What is mercantilism?

A

A term use to describe a very varied set of economic ideas and policies in the early modern period

52
Q

How is the economic policies of Dutch cities in the early modern period characterized?

A

Free except for trade with their colonies

53
Q

Why is the Glorious Revolution considered important for economic history?

A

It paved the for funded debt, the creation of the Bank of England and an organized market for public and private securities

54
Q

How is English/British mercantilist legislation characterised?

A

England import bans on textiles and legislation that favoured English shipping

55
Q

What does “proto-industrialization” imply?

A

Rural manual production for a distant market, sometimes organized by merchants

56
Q

Which nation is the first industrial nation?

A

England

57
Q

Name some prerequisites and concomitants of British industrialization

A

Increased importance of trial and error in innovation, increased agricultural productivity, its geography

58
Q

What characterizes inventors in the period 1750-1870?

A

They had hand-on knowledge of production (artisan inventors)

59
Q

Which authors are connected with the “classical political economy”?

A

Smith, Ricardo, Malthus

Why some countries are rich ? (8 decks)

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