Self-Defeating Behaviors Flashcards
the freedom of choice, acutely experienced in the choice to commit evil and the choice to suffer, appears as essential to the self-conscious experience of our unique existence as human beings.
masochism 受虐癖
there are two types of motives: survival-related motives and consistency motives
Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression management. The self-concept, social identity, and interper- sonal relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
The gap between information received and information perceived is filled with a surprising array of biases and errors which ultimately weaken the impact of new informa- tion on current beliefs.
erroneous beliefs about oneself can lead to self-defeating behaviors in any domain of human enterprise.
the attributions we make for the behaviors of another person can affect our own behavior toward that person, and mistaken attributions can lead to inappropriate reactions.
Social theories are our beliefs about the relations between variables in the social environment. They are by nature causal belief systems; that is, social theories are beliefs about how, why, and in what way the variables in question are related. Thus, stereotypes are not simple listings of features typically associated with a given group but are in fact beliefs about features that are somehow causally related to the group (see Anderson & Sedikides, 1989). i.e. personality trait to job performance
Beliefs can arise from two conceptually distinct sources. First, there are the beliefs that we are taught, either formally, as in a classroom, or more informally through socialization into our culture. These beliefs come to us essentially pre- packaged, and account for a large portion of our knowledge about the world around us. The second source for the formation of beliefs is personal experience and observation.
erroneous beliefs arise from many sources, including socialization and attributional processing.
Connecting the observation of objective facts with subjective beliefs is the fallible process of human inference. This process represents the “naive psychology” (Heider, 1958) of ordinary people as they attempt to make sense of the social environment, deriving lawful relations among social variables and trying to explain the causes of events.
the naive psychologist is guided by implicit assumptions about the nature of the subject at hand.The rewards of this process are clear: people do not need to react to each event in their lives as wholly new and as unrelated to past experiences. Instead, people can predict events, understand the causes and meanings of events, and integrate events into consistent patterns of related incidents. When accurate, this process allows the individual to master the social environment. However, when systematic biases exist at any phase of the inferential process, serious errors may arise. Thus, inaccurate assumptions, biased data (or biased perception of data), or inappropriate summation and interpretation can ultimately result in improper inferences and beliefs.
The process by which people attempt to understand the causes and implica- tions of events in their environment, and thus develop beliefs about themselves and their environment, is the attribution process.
fundamental attribution error: the tendency for attributors to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors in the control of behavior.
A second common bias in the attribution process is known as the salience, or availability bias. Any aspect of the environment that is especially apparent to the attributor is typically given more weight in the causal attribution. This bias also appears to account for a discrepancy often found in the attributions assigned by actors and observers. Actors frequently attribute events to the environment, since they are focused on the environment, whereas observers attribute the same events to dispositional features of the actor, toward whom the observer is focused.
hui
