Self and Identity

Question 1

What is a sense of self ?

Answer 1

awareness of the self as differentiated from

other people

Question 2

what is the definition of individual self ?

Answer 2

parts of the self that make a person unique. These can include traits, hobbies, goals

Question 3

what is the definition of relational self?

Answer 3

parts of the self as a social partner with other people. you can be a friend, parent or romantic partner.

Question 4

what is the definition of collective self?

Answer 4

parts of self within a larger group. for example, you have an ethnicity, gender, and nationality

Question 5

how do infants show self-awareness?

Answer 5

they imitate caregivers, this suggests that they aware that their body is separate from other

Question 6

how do toddlers show self-awareness?

Answer 6

By 18-24 months, they can clearly differentiate themselves from others. This can be proven through testing if toddlers can recognize themselves in the mirror

Question 7

what is the development of self(Harter)?

Answer 7

Children’s views of themselves become more specific,

abstract, psychological, and coherent as they grow up

Question 8

how do 3-4-year-olds describe themselves?

Answer 8

in terms of observable features and preferences. these are concrete but not always accurate

Question 9

how do 5-7-year-olds describe themselves?

Answer 9

in terms of general competencies which are globally positive and they tend to overestimate abilities that they want to have

Question 10

how do 8-10-year-olds describe themselves?

Answer 10

in terms of unique abilities and comparable competencies. this description tends to align with the values of the child’s culture

Question 11

how do 11-13-year-olds describe themselves?

Answer 11

in terms of social relationships and other stable psychological traits

Question 12

how do 14-16-year-olds describe themselves?

Answer 12

self-description tends to be introspective because they are occupied by what their peers think of them and they are sensitive to outside output.

Question 13

how do 17+-year-olds describe themselves?

Answer 13

in terms of personal values, beliefs, and moral standards. they integrate contradictory attributes and they tend to have a more coherent theory of self

Question 14

what is self-esteem?

Answer 14

a global evaluation of one’s worth as a person

Question 15

what are the benefits of having high self-esteem?

Answer 15

Higher school success
Better relationships with parents, peers
Less anxiety, depression
Less worry about failure or rejection

Question 16

what are the benefits of having high self-esteem?

Answer 16

More risky behavior (e.g., drinking, drug use)
More bullying, aggression
More likely to view risky or aggressive behavior as
acceptable

Question 17

what is an identity?

Answer 17

An identity furnishes individuals with a historical sense of who they have been, a meaningful sense of who they are now, and a sense of who they might become in the future

Question 18

when is identity development especially salient?

Answer 18

Adolescence

Question 19

Identity Achievement

Answer 19

Commitment & Exploration

Question 20

Identity Moratorium

Answer 20

No Commitment & Exploration

Question 21

Identity Foreclosure

Answer 21

Commitment & No Exploration

Question 22

Identity Diffusion

Answer 22

No Commitment & No Exploration

Question 23

when does extended identity exploration happen?

Answer 23

emerging adulthood (18-25)

Question 24

what is a racial or ethnic identity?

Answer 24

it is a sense of belonging with an ethnic or racial group and its values and traditions

Question 25

Phinney’s model of ethnic identity development

Answer 25

this involves exploration and then commitment

Question 26

Sellers’ model of racial identity development

Answer 26

Regard: affective evaluation of one’s race
Centrality: extent to which race plays a central role in one’s self-concept

Question 27

Benefits of positive racial identity

Answer 27

More optimism, feelings of social competence
• Higher motivation and engagement in education
• Fewer internalizing symptoms
• Can be protective when facing racial or ethnic discrimination