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sociology media topic 4 - selection and presentation of the news > selection and presentation of the news > Flashcards

selection and presentation of the news Flashcards

1
Q

Up to the 1990s what was the main source if the news in the UK?

A

Tabloid and broadsheet newspapers and radios

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2
Q

What did the 21st century see a rise of ?

A

24 hour satellite news channels , specialist news sites , and news on social media sites such as Facebook and news blogs

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3
Q

According to Ofcom in 2014 what platform was most used to gain news ?

A

75% of people indicated that TV news was their most used platform for news

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4
Q

How many young people use internet and apps for news ?

A

60%

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5
Q

Who did the 2014 Ofcom report find the most popular source on the web ?

A

BBC news with 60% market share

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6
Q

What percentage of UK population from 2005 Ofcom report believe that the news should be impartial ?

A

94%

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7
Q

According to Ofcom 2005 report how many people saw newspapers as trusted sources of news and why?

A

7% due to them acting as cheerleaders for political ideologies

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8
Q

What does McQuail 1992 argue about social construction of the news?

A

Argues that not all events can become news as there are simply too many of them as what becomes news is a result of social processes of gatekeepers such as owners, editors and journalists who make judgements about what is important enough to report

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9
Q

What does Spencer-Thomas 2008 define news values as ?

A

News values are general guidelines that determine the worth of a news story and how much prominence it is given by newspapers or broadcast media

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10
Q

What is extraordinariness ?

A

Rare, unpredictable events that are extra ordinary

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11
Q

What is threshold ?

A

Bigger side of event, more likely it will be nationally reported

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12
Q

What is unambiguity?

A

Events that are easy to grasp are more likely to be reported

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13
Q

What is reference to elite persons ?

A

Famous and powerful are seen as more news worthy

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14
Q

What is reference to elite nations ?

A

Relates to cultural proximity stories about people who speak the same language, look the same , and share same cultural values

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15
Q

What is personalization?

A

Referring to prominent individual or celebrity associated

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16
Q

What is frequency ?

A

Sudden, shocking events get more coverage than events which occur over time

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17
Q

What is continuity ?

A

Once a story has become news it may be covered for some time, news teams already in place to report story , makes story more accessible to party

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18
Q

What is negativity ?

A

Bad news regarded by journalists as more exciting and dramatic than good news is seen as bigger audience

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19
Q

What is composition ?

A

News outlets try to balance the good and bad news

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20
Q

What did Harcup and ONeill 2001 do ?

A

Updated the list in their study of British Newspapers and included values such as power elite and relevance which suggests the continued relevance of news values

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21
Q

How would Postmodernists criticize news values ?

A

The idea of news values assumes a consensus exist among audience and journalists about what is newsworthy but Postmodernists would argue that because of diversity of both the media and its audience this is unlikely

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22
Q

How would marxists criticize News values ? AO3

A

Marxists would say news values are not neutral or objective criteria about what people are interested in, but actually reflect class interests. For example, stories about the royal family are mainly positive and reflect idea that some people are naturally deserving of power, wealth and authority

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23
Q

What is churnalism ?

A

Journalists churn out stories by giving them to spin doctors or celebrity PR companies

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24
Q

What percentage does Davies say that stories in tabloid newspapers come from sources such as spin doctors and PR companies ?

A

80%

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25
What are spin doctors ?
Spokesperson employed to give a favorable interpretation of events to media and use their influence to steer news coverage in favor of government goals
26
What does Phillips say about re writing others stories ?
Journalists increasingly rely on others stories, rewrite attitudes from other sources or using quotes from blogs which gives less choice to consumers as news sites copy each other
27
What is citizen journalism ?
Any one person who posts a story or photograph on mainstream news site
28
What is an example of citizen journalism ?
The Paris 2015 attacks
29
What are strengths of Citizen journalism ? AO3
1) It allows every citizen to be a reporter or have his or her voice heard 2) Citizen journalism are not constrained by any system of news values that prevent certain facts coming to light 3) It can it improves democratic process 4) Useful for monitoring those in power and authority because of whistle blowing potential 5) Improves knowledge where journalists connor react e.g Arab Springs
30
What are criticisms of citizen journalism ? AO3
1) Citizen journalism offers up opinion as fact as there are rumors and innuendos 2) Citizen journalism is a product of narrow / privledged part society as the poor are less likely to be citizen journalists 3) Requires education, technical skills, money, time 4) Media companies who decide what photos are used in the news so they still control the media
31
What evidence is there that Journalists are independent voices who research their own stories ?
1) Journalists are free to ignore the attempts of politicians to control what they publish so they have freedom to choose which stories to cover 2) Journalists can still reject spin doctors as pluralists would say journalists are too professional to be biased or see bias so they can recognize when it is spun for political purposes
32
What evidence is there that churnalists passively accept news stories from political spin doctors ?
1) Only trusted journalists that agree with political ideas are invited to PR events, even fewer are asked to speak 2) In the spin room, journalists are given quotes from politicians as they do not criticize or question them
33
What contraints do News organisations have to consider ?
Costs, deadlines, space available
34
How do financial costs impacts on the selection and presentation of the news ?
Infotainment where entertainment is more important than information as it makes more money for the News as audience are more interested in it
35
How does Williams 2010 say financial costs impacts on the selection and presentation of the news ?
Cost cutting effects newspapers and investigative journalism as it is reduced to digging up dirt and revealing secrets about private life of royals, MPs, footballers
36
How does Franklin 1997 say financial costs impacts on the selection and presentation of the news ?
Entertainment has now superseded actual information in construction of the news, both in newspapers and on TV
37
How can we criticize financial costs impacts on the selection and presentation of the news ? AO3
Journalists who are engaged with attempts to expose unacceptable fate of capitalism
38
How do time or space available impact the selection and presentation of the news ?
If item can’t be covered in less than 5 mins it is unlikely to be included BBC news 15 items in 25 minutes
39
How do deadlines impact on the selection and presentation of the news ?
Tv news has advantage over newspapers because it can report news as it happens as it did in 2001 when World Trade Center in New York was hit by the planes Newspapers have deadlines by 10pm so need to be more detailed and analytical than most TV news coverage
40
How do immediacy and actuality impacts the selection and presentation of the news ?
Events more likely to be reported on TV if they can be accompanied by live footage Recent technology have helped BBC news create immediacy as there is footage of live news
41
How does the audience impact the selection and presentation of the news ?
The sun is aimed at WC and used simple language The guardian is aimed at UC and used complex language Content covered in the day aimed at stay at home parents
42
What is the PPC ?
PCC is a voluntary regulatory body for print media in UK but was replaced in 2014 PCC voluntary code was the press must take care not to publish inaccurate, misleading, distorted information However it had no legal power to enforce this so was critiqued for being too weak
43
What is the Leveson Inquiry?
Launched in response to 2011 newspaper phone hacking scandals Inquiry recommend that independent body should be set up in order to regulate the press but it would need legal powers to enforce its judgements
44
What did Leveson Enquiry find out about journalists ?
Journalist of Rupert Murdoch newspaper News of the World hacked into missing teenager Milly Dowler phone to investigate new voicemails but made family think she was alive as her phone had been active - unethical Also celebs hacked such as Prince William and Harry and David Beckham
45
What is the IPSO?
Press formed own regulator with greater powers to impose fines up to £1 million for the papers who breach its code of conduct
46
How can we criticize IPSO?
1)Not sufficiently independent of the press so will not successfully hold press to account 2) Media companies can afford to pay punishment so it is not actually a deterant
47
What is the Instrumental Marxist view on journalists ?
Marxist are critical of the idea that journalists are objective and that news gathering is based on news values
48
What does Instrumental Marxist McChesney say about journalists being objective ?
McChesney sees this as an ideological myth invented by media owners in order to make corporate media seem unbiased In reality he argues that extremely powerful media owners can intervene in the selection of the news by shaping the editorial policy of their news media They do not have to choose stories personally day to day as their editors and journalists know what is expected to be reported on
49
Give an example of media owner influencing the content of the news
Rupert Murdoch and 2003 Iraq war Gave a one sided view that Iraq had WMD and we had to protect the country It was never probed Iraq had these weapons This shows how powerful media owners can shape media content
50
How can advertising shape what is reported on ?
Media companies rely on advertising for money, if advertises threaten to stop funding by pulling ads , media outlets will avoid reporting negatively about these adverts to maintain funding
51
How does the government influence what is reported on ?
Gov can control media through licensing, regulation , funding If media produced content gov disapproves of then the media company may face threats such as losing broadcasting license or access to government funding
52
What do Herman and Chomsky argue about the propaganda model of the media ?
Argue it is in the interest of the media to favor capitalism, businesses and the RC so viewpoints that are critical of these things are rarely punished
53
What would pluralists say about British press being highly critical of Labour Party ?
See this as reflecting public views , giving them what they want
54
What would marxists say about British press being highly critical of Labour Party ?
Attempt to discredit those who pose threat to capitalist business e.g strengthening workers rights
55
What do Edwards and Cromwell 2006 argue about media portrayals ?
Certain subjects such as gov links with states with poor human rights records such as China or Saudi Arabia are often ignored by media
56
What does Neo Marxist Stuart Hall 1973 say about news ?
News is supportive of capitalist interests because those in powerful positions have better access to media because they are seen as credible sources
57
What is the hierarchy of credibility ?
Refers to idea that some groups are more likely to be believed or asked for their views than others
58
Who are primary definers?
Business leaders Politicians Soin doctors Police Officers
59
Who are less powerful groups ?
Benefit recipients Members of public Pressure groups Ethnic minorities
60
What do Neo Marxist group GUMG argue about media professionals ?
The GUMG argue the way in which news is gathered and presented is the product of middle class journalists and editors who shape it Because of their backgrounds such middle class professionals unconsciously side with the rich and powerful as they have similar values
61
What did Neo Marxist Fiske 1987 find out about language ?
Language and images in broadcasts were more sympathetic to the interests of the powerful and devalue points of less powerful groups e.g trade unions are demanding
62
How does Schlesinger 1990 suggest about media ?
Media does not always act in the interests of the powerful e.g politiciens are careful about what they say as they know the extent of media can shape public opinions
63
How does Grenfell Tower incident criticise Marxists and Neo Marxist view ?
Coverage of incident was critical of government and business involved
64
How would pluralists criticise Marxist and Neo Marxist viewpoints ?
Range of viewpoints are represented and bias is not consistent towards the rich and powerful
65
What is a moral panic ?
An exaggerated media response to a perceived threat
66
What does Stan Cohen say about moral panics ?
Cohn argues that media generates a moral panic against folk devils
67
What is Hell et al study of moral panics ?
In 1970s media blamed young black men for a rise in muggings , in order to distract attention away from the crisis of the capitalist system that was occurring
68
Why does Furedi say about moral panics occur due to a reaction to rapid social change ?
Argues moral panics occur when society struggles with rapid social change particularly over powerless groups
69
Why did moral panics occur in the 1950 and 1960 due to a reaction to rapid social change ?
New youth subculture emerged older generations felt their authority being challenged Older peoples fear of societal , traditional values decline and use relevance so they think they are at greater risk
70
Why does Cohen and Young say about moral panics occur due to a reaction to rapid social change ?
Journalism works on idea that everyone shares the same values , topics don’t fit these values are seen as wrong
71
Why does means of making a profit create moral panics ?
Some commentators argue that moral panics are driven by media commercial interests , with journalists using sensational stories to sell newspapers , manipulating attention However , once the story loses newsworthiness, it fades from the media , even though the underlying social issues persist and may resurface later when they can once again capture public interest

sociology media topic 4 - selection and presentation of the news (1 decks)

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