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Neuro | Howard Slides > Seizures > Flashcards

Seizures Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperventilation brings out which type of seizure?

A

Absence seizures

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2
Q

The EEG of absence seizures shows what?

A

Spike and wave activity at 3 Hz

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3
Q

In what way are absence seizures different from complex partial seizures?

A

There is no post-ictal state with absence seizures.

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4
Q

What does EEG look like in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?

A

Normal background with frequent generalized polyspike and wave discharges diffusely throught at 4-6Hz.

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5
Q

A 15yo teased by his family for being clumsy, myoclonic jerks upon wakening, might have…

A

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

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6
Q

Treatment for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy:

A

Depakote, or Keppra

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7
Q

Seizure triggered by sleep deprivation (teenager staying out all night):

A

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

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8
Q

Jacksonian March

A

Pattern of a seizure progressing up someone’s body (arm) before generalizing.

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9
Q

Simple partial seizure

A

Begins in a definitive area in the brain and does not affect consciousness. Motor, sensory, autonomic, psychiatric symptoms, often a sense of oerwhelming fear or depersonalization.

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10
Q

Complex partial seizure

A

Begins in a definitive area in the brain and does affect consciousness.

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11
Q

An aura is always a sign of a _____.

A

focal seizure

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12
Q

Primary generalized seizure

A

Affects the whole brain at the same time. Consciousness is lost. These include absence, atonic, tonic, and tonic-clonic seizures.

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13
Q

Secondarily generalized seizure

A

Affects a single area of teh brain initially, and then spreads to include the rest of the brain.

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14
Q

Todd’s paralysis

A

A focal neurological deficit, usually weakness, that persists for up to 24 hours after a seizure.

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15
Q

What is Landau-Kleffner syndrome?

A

Progressive aphasia in children, affecting both Broca’s and Wenicke’s areas. Onset usually between 3-7 years, epileptiform activity during non-REM sleep.

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16
Q

Characteristics of tuberous sclerosis:

A

cortical tubers, ash-leaf macules (hypopigmented lesion), GERD

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17
Q

What are infantile spasms and how are they treated?

A

Seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis, excess CRH that causes excess exitability. Treated with ACTH.

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18
Q

What is West Syndrome?

A

Occurs in infants, consists of triad of infantile spasms, pathognomonic EEG pattern called hypsarrhythmia, and mental retardation.

19
Q

What is Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome?

A

Ages 2-6, difficult to control seizures, include tonic and atonic, atypical absence, and myoclonic seizures.

20
Q

What is the most common epilepsy syndrome in children?

A

Benign rolandic epilepsy/Epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Nocturnal seizures and rarely needs treatment, remits by age 16.

21
Q

What are gelastic seizures?

A

Neoplasm of the hypothalamus, characterized by laughing fits.

22
Q

What are pseudoseizures?

A

Non-epileptic, characterized by different movements, lasting different amounts of time.

23
Q

Which electrolyte abnormality is NOT associated with seizures?

A

Hypermagnesemia

24
Q

NTDs in pregnancy are strongly associated with which anti-epileptic med?

A

Depakote

25
Q

Which anti-epileptic is contraindicated with Hx of kidney stones?

A

Topiramate

26
Q

Anti-seizure meds associated with hyponatremia:

A

Oxcarbazepine, carbamazepine

27
Q

Which seizure med will mess up your teeth?

A

Phenytoin

28
Q

Status epilepticus

A

Life-threatening usually defined as a seizure lasting longer than 5-10 min, or recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures for greater than 30 min.

29
Q

What is a corpus callosotomy and when is it used?

A

A lesion made in the corpus callosum, used in patients with refractory epilepsy to prevent partial seizures from spreading across the brain to become generalized.

30
Q

Electronic stimulation of which cranial nerve is used to help control epilepsy?

A

Vagus

31
Q

What is given to women with eclampsia to prevent seizures?

A

Magnesium sulfate

32
Q

When are prophylactic anticonvulsants used?

A

Severe head trauma

33
Q

Indications and side effects of carbamazipine (Tegretol):

A

Partial seizures; an worsen absence, myotonic, and atonic seizures. Hyponatremia, vertigo, headache, ataxia, blood dyscrasias.

34
Q

Indications and side effects of Oxcarbazepine (trileptal):

A

Partial seizures; can lead to hyponatremia, but does not affect the levels of other medications.

35
Q

Indications for lacosamide (Vimpat):

A

Poorly controlled partial-onset seizures

36
Q

Indications and side effects for Phenytoin (Dilantin):

A

Partial seizures, GTC, tonic and atonic seizures; gum hyperplasia, osteoporosis, hirsuitism, rash, ataxia, nystagmus, confusion at high levels.

37
Q

Indications and side effects of Lamotrigine (Lamictal):

A

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; Steven-Johnson syndrome, especially if started at high doese.

38
Q

Side effects of leviteracetam (Keppra):

A

Depression, psychosis

39
Q

Indications and side effects for Tiagabine (Gabitril):

A

Adjunctive treatment for partial seizures; sedation and cognitive slowing.

40
Q

Indications and side effects for Topiramate (Topamax):

A

Monotherapy in partial or mixed seizures, drop attacks in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; nephrolithiasis, weight loss, cognitive slowing at higher doses.

41
Q

Indications and side effects for Zonisamide (Zonegran):

A

Adjunctive treatment in partial seizures; nephrolithiasis, weight loss.

42
Q

Indications and side effects for Vigabatrin (Sabril):

A

Infantile spasms due to tuberous sclerosis; visual loss.

43
Q

Indications and side effects of Valproate (Depakote):

A

Primary generalized epilepsies including absence, myoclonic, and tonic-clonic seizures; weight gain, pancreatitis, hepatic toxicity, interacts with many other AEDs.

44
Q

Indications for ethosuximide (Zarontin):

A

Used only in absence seizures.

Neuro | Howard Slides (9 decks)

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