Segundo Parcial Flashcards
monographs laid the foundations of _____
ethnography
what is fieldwork?
it is a research method that consists of direct personal observation and/or participation for extended periods of time
what where the first fieldwork investigations?
anthropologists lived with groups characterized by primary ways, and observed their way of life: hunting, fishing, harvesting, planting and breeding, among others
what where the difficulties of early anthropologists? (2)
1-they did not speak the language of the studied group
2-in order to understand how they live, they had to experience it by themselves.
what is a monograph?
it is a detailed document of a single subject. it should be very complete, including all aspects of life
what is the purpose of a monograph?
to gather as much information as possible about the topic that was chosen
what are the 3 options of monographs in anthropology?
-a specific village
-a particular activity
-relation between 1 or more topics
what sources can be used for a monograph? (3)
-stories
-legends
-personal or indirect observation
diachronic monograph
from previous times until today
synchronic monograph
from the present time
7 steps of making a monograph
1-selection and delimitation of the topic
2-development of a tentative structure of the work
3-search and recolection of information
4-debug of information according to the tentative structure
5-reorganization of the structure if a new focus was aquired in the previous step
6-development of a partial or total draft
7-revision of the draft (citations, spelling, no parts missing)
what did wilhelm dilthey contribute?
-spirit sciences
-historical perspective
what is historical perspective?
study of man, the medium in which he is inserted and how he relates to it
what is a qualitative research?
a methodology that seeks to present elements that drive us to give answers and explanations about the events and happenings surrounding mankind
what are methods?
ways to approach the objective of study
what are techniques?
ways to gather information
what is the ethnography?
fieldwork in a paricular cultural scenario, their aspects of everyday life in an integra vision
study of the case
(M) used to present an integral portrait through the study of a particular case. it’s done in a detailed way, with time background and relevant events
oral history
(M) group of interviews, tapings and their transcripts. these are edited and analyzed so the result is a final report.
this method allows you to gather personal memories of past and present events, of specific social groups, preserved from generation to generation
participative action investigation
(M) it includes the people that are being investigated. they go from object of study to participants, being able to interact through the process
qualitative evaluation
(M) it gathers the other methods, and uses them to evaluate projects, social policies and service programs. used when official information is not enough in order to improve a policy or program
life history
(T) interview to a person, where they tell important experiences they have gone through their whole life, from birth to present time. used to know their own perception of the world.
testimony
(T) expression of minority groups through interviews and others they communicate their experiences first hand
semi-structured interview
(T) elaborating a general script with topics and questions. you adapt to the situation of the interviewed, and it becomes more like a conversation, in a flexible way
focus group
(T) people are chosen to gather info about a topic. a moderator organizes turns to speak and captures the perspective of each participant, the way they solve agreements, their influence, etc
participant observation
(T) most used method. total immersion in the studied society, they capture and describe all aspects of life of a certain group. observations are written down immediately
field diary
(T) gathers notes taken during the fieldwork, includes the largest amount of info you can get (people, activities, details, conversations, events)
documents
(T) official texts, personal texts, newspapers, magazines, etc. that allow you to gather information about any aspect of the subject or studied group
pictures and videos
(T) register styles and conditions of a group, timeless data
what is the criticism that qualitative methods have recieved?
they lack reliability and objectivity
quantitative method (6)
-uses the subjects of study
-seeks verifiable answers
-vertical communication
-strength: external validity, generalizable
-weakness: internal validity, no proof of theories
-main criticism: are the results generalizable?
qualitative method (6)
-communicates with the subject of study
-asks questions indefinitely
-horizontal communication
-strength: internal validity, generates theories
-weakness: external validity, results not generalizable
-main criticism: are the results complete?
what does ethnography allow?
deep reflection about the percieved reality, and proposing a hypothesis
7 steps of ethnographic research
-marking the field (where?)
-subject field (what?)
-preparation and documentation
-design (how?)
-field investigation
-gathering of information
-conclusion
marking the field
selection of a community, defining the objectives, resources, and time
subject field
a topic of interest and its context is chosen
preparation and documentation
revision of the existing information is made, seeking to update it.
design
basic questions to direct the research, techniques are chosen, motives of the study,how field work will be done
fieldwork
find a way to gain people’s trust, hard and long process
gathering of information
skills and personal charisma of the researcher comes in handy, avoid breaking social protocols
conclusion
researcher collects all notes, diaries and images outside the fieldwork area to work on a final report
field techniques (9)
-direct observation
-participant observation
-conversation
-genealogical method
-key informants
-life stories
-investigation oriented to several types of problems
-longitudinal investigation
-team investigation
T o F: It is advisable to conduct the interviews when you already have a considerable amount of time living in the place being studied to prevent resistance to share personal information with strangers
true
ethnography oriented to problems
technique used by anthropologists introducing fieldwork to investigate a particular issue
rapport
establish a good working relationship with the people who interact with the ethnographer
key informants
people selected during the fieldwork
emic vs. etic
emic: seen from the inside, the native’s perspective of the world
etic: seen from the outside (the ethnographer), interpretation of cultures from another point of view
