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Seedless Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Archaea

A

prokaryotic bacteria living in extreme conditions

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2
Q

Protista

A

single-celled eukaryotic organisms (our ‘mishmash drawer’)

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3
Q

Fungi

A

multicellular eukaryotes such as mushrooms and mold

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4
Q

Characteristics of kingdom Plantae:

A 
Autotrophic eukaryotes
Cell walls made of cellulose
Unicellular and multicellular
Sessile
Alternation of generation in life cycles
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5
Q

plants are autotrophs, which means

A

they can make their own food, through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is essential to all life on earth. It is the only biological process that captures sunlight and converts it to sugars and other molecules.

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6
Q

eukaryote

A

which means their cells contain membrane-bound organelles.

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7
Q

Do animal cells have a cell wall?

A

No, animal cells do not have a cell wall so they can freely change their cell shapes.

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8
Q

Do plant cells have ribosomes?

A

Yes, plant cells have both free and endoplasmic reticulum-bound ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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9
Q

What do all cells have in common?

A

All cells (prokaryotic or eukaryotic; animal or plant) share four common components: (1) Plasma membrane, an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment.

(2) Cytoplasm, consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell in which other cellular components are found.
(3) DNA, the genetic material of the cell.
(4) Ribosomes, particles that synthesize proteins.

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10
Q

Do plant cells have mitochondria?

A

Yes, both animal and plant cells have mitochondria, but only plant cells have chloroplasts. In plant cells, chloroplasts absorb energy from sunlight and store it in the form of sugar (a process called photosynthesis). In contrast, mitochondria use chemical energy stored in sugars as fuels to generate ATP (called cellular respiration). Like animal cells, plant cells use ATP to drive other cellular activities

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11
Q

Lysosome

A

The lysosomes are small organelles that work as the recycling center in the cells. They are membrane-bounded spheres full of digesting enzymes. Lysosomes were considered to be exclusive to animal cells. However, this statement became controversial. Plant vacuoles are found to be much more diverse in structure and function than previously thought. Some vacuoles contain their own hydrolytic enzymes and perform the classic lysosomal activity like animals’.

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12
Q

Vacuoles

A

Animal cells have one or more small vacuoles, whereas plant cells have one large central vacuole that can take up to 90% of the cell volume. The function of vacuoles in plants is to store water and maintain the turgidity of the cell. Sometimes, vacuoles in plants also degrade cellular wastes like lysosomes. A layer of membrane, called tonoplast, surrounds the plant cell’s central vacuole. Due to the large size of the central vacuole, it pushes all contents of the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles against the cell wall. This may facilitate the cytoplasmic streaming of chloroplasts.

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13
Q

What is an Autotroph?

A

Autotrophs are organisms that are capable of producing their own nutrients using inorganic substances. What autotrophs need could be just the sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals. In contrast, heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own nutrients and require the consumption of other organisms to live.

Autotrophs are the essential foundation of any ecosystem. They produce nutrients that are necessary for all other types of life on the planet. Because autotrophs produce their own food, they are also referred to as producers in food chains

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14
Q

sessile

A

Corals are sessile, which means that they permanently attach themselves to the ocean floor, essentially “taking root” like most plants do.

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15
Q

• Haploid:

A

Haploid is the quality of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes. Organisms that reproduce asexually are haploid. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). In humans, only their egg and sperm cells are haploid.

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16
Q

Vascular plants,

A

such as trees or flowering plants, have vascular vessels to transport water and food throughout plants.

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17
Q

Non-vascular plants

A

do not have vessels to transport water and food- I like to think of them as plants without any “plumbing”. Non-vascular plants are very small because they lack a vascular system; this means they do not have the “plumbing” to transport food and water far distances.

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18
Q

bryophytes typically measure around 2 centimeters tall

A

hey lack tissues (non-vascular) that provide structure and support that other land plants have, so they cannot grow taller. This means they do not have true roots, stems or leaves

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19
Q

cuticle

A

ryophytes require water for hydration and reproduction, they are able to survive on land because of special adaptations. Bryophytes are covered in a waxy protective layer called a cuticle that helps them retain water.

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20
Q

protanema

A

The sporophyte has a capsule on top that contains haploid spores. Once a spore is released, it lands nearby and germinates into a mass of green filament called protonema. The protonema develops shoots and rhizoids to become a gametophyte

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21
Q

bryophytes

A

term bryophytes include mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Bryophytes are green plants in which the sexual generation (gametophyte) is dominant and the sporophyte is largely dependent on the gametophyte for its survival and maturation. Let’s take a closer look at the three phyla.

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22
Q

haploid

A

(1n or n); a cell or organism that has a single set of chromosomes

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23
Q

diploid

A

(2n); a cell or organism that has paired (2 sets) chromosomes; one from each parent cell or organism

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24
Q

dikaryotic

A

when a fungal cell contains two haploid nuclei (heterokaryotic refers to two or more nuclei in a single cell)

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25
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleuic acid)

A

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, which is present in chromosomes of every cell and living organisms. DNA contains genetic information in the form of genetic code which contains a set of instructions responsible for the growth, reproduction, and repair of life. Genetic code is built with 4 nucleic acids represented by A, T, G, C

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26
Q

drawing magnification

A

a figure that states how much a biological drawing has been magnified by

Drawings magnification = drawing size/actual size

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27
Q

eubacteria

A

true bacteria

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28
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

are protist, fungi, plant and animal cells with a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

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29
Q

multicellular

A

consisting of more than one cell

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30
Q

sporophyte

A

a phase in the life cycle of plants and algae that develops from a zygote and creates spores; diploid

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31
Q

gametophyte

A

a phase in the life cycle of plants and algae that develops reproductive organs the produce gametes (haploid)

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32
Q

spores

A

single-celled reproduction units; spores are different than gametes as they do not need to fuse with another reproductive unit to create a zygote; they are able to develop on their own

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33
Q

zygote

A

a single cell formed from the union of two gametes; diploid

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34
Q

fertilization

A

occurs when the nucleus of both a sperm and egg cell fuse to form a diploid zygote; in angiosperms it occurs after pollination and produces a seed

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35
Q

meiosis

A

a type of cell division in sexual reproduction that produces gametes

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36
Q

mitosis

A

a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division); serves a purpose in growth and development

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37
Q

Characteristics of Bryophytes

A 
•	Multicellular, photosynthetic, autotrophic organisms
•	Measure around two centimeters.
o	Why? 	
	They lack tissues (non-vascular) that provide structure and support that other land plants have, so they cannot grow taller. This means they do not have true roots, stems or leaves They do not have true roots, stems or leaves
•	Three groups:
o	 Liverworts
o	  Hornworts
o	  Mosses
38
Q

pioneer plants

A

Pioneer species are hardy species which are the first to colonize barren environments or previously biodiverse steady-state ecosystems that have been disrupted, such as by fire

39
Q

xylem

A

second type of vascular vessel is the xylem; these are the vessels that transport water throughout the plant. The xylem vessels carry water from the roots up the plant and to the leaves. Not only is the xylem capable of transporting water to the leaves of tall plants but it is also responsible for stability in woody tissues.

40
Q

Vascular plants are divided into two groups.

A
  1. Seedless vascular plants (ferns and their allies)

2. Seed vascular plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)

41
Q

autotrophs

A

which means they can make their own food, through the process of photosynthesis

42
Q

Photosynthesis

A

. Photosynthesis is essential to all life on earth. It is the only biological process that captures sunlight and converts it to sugars and other molecules. Plants take carbon dioxide gas, water and light and transform these into sugar and oxygen. This reaction takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells

43
Q

Plants take this carbon dioxide and convert it to

A

glucose (used by them) and oxygen, which is in turn, used by us!

44
Q

Most plant cells are multicellular, meaning they are made up of more than one cell. Plants are also

A

eukaryotes, which means their cells contain membrane-bound organelles.

45
Q

The sporophyte generation

A

(2n) produces spores by meiosis (n).

46
Q

Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae:

A 
Autotrophic eukaryotes
Cell walls made of cellulose
Unicellular and multicellular
Sessile (unable to move)
Alternation of generation in life cycles
47
Q

All multicellular plant-like algae (also known as the seaweeds) are p

A

are photosynthetic, eukaryotic, and aquatic. The various types contain different photosynthetic accessory pigments and are different in colour. The pigments protect chlorophyll, absorb additional light (allows algae to live in deeper water), and give algae its colour. Most seaweed algae are classified by these pigments and are named accordingly

48
Q

Algae reproduce

A

Sexually and asexually. Asexually, they reproduce via fragmentation (pieces of algae breaks off and grows into a new individual), asexual spores, and simple mitotic division. Sexual reproduction of algae varies widely among phyla

49
Q

Most algae are found in the kingdom

A

Protista, but multicellular algae are plant-like

50
Q

Chlorophytes, or green algae, occur in freshwater, although some live in the

A

cean. Some species live as symbiotic partners in the cells of invertebrates or as part of organisms called lichen.

51
Q

Green algae serves as an important food source for marine life, such as

A

fish, crustaceans and gastropods. The pigment found in green algae is also used as food colouring.

52
Q

Rhodophytes, or red algae, live in

A

fresh water or on land, but most are marine seaweeds. This phylum contains more than 6000 species! Red algae contain chlorophyll a and pigments called phycobilins.

53
Q

The stem-like portion of the algae is called the

A

stipe. The stipe is anchored to the ocean bottom by a root-like holdfast. The leaf-like regions, attached to the bulb, capture light for photosynthesis.

54
Q

Green algae (Ulva lactuca)

common name: sea lettuce

A

Sea lettuce is one of the most common green algae found in BC. It is abundant on rocks and is fast growing and weedy. It is found in intertidal and subtidal zones and is an edible green alga, used most commonly in soups and salads.

55
Q

Red algae (Porphyra abbottiae)

Common names: red laver, edible seaweed

A

Red laver can grow between 20-150 cm long. It ranges along the Pacific coast from Alaska to Mexico and can be found on rocks and intertidal zones. Red algae have a special pigment that allows them to live in the deep ocean. When exposed to low tide, the plant dries out and turns blackish. The W̱SÁNEĆ First Nations would collect red laver and dry it out in the sun. They would then sell large quantities to Chinese people in Victoria or eat it themselves.

56
Q

Brown algae (Fucus gardneri)

Common names: sea wrack or rockweed

A

Rockweed grows up to 50 cm high and clings to rocks with a strong holdfast. Rockweed is found in the middle and lower intertidal zones and ranges from Alaska to California and is common along the shores of the W̱SÁNEĆ territory. Rockweed was traditionally used by the W̱SÁNEĆ Peoples to treat burns and sores. They also rubbed seaweed on their arms and legs to strengthen them

57
Q

Recall that most algae are classified in the Kingdom Protista, but multicellular seaweeds are involved in a ongoing classification debate because they are very plant-like! The result of this debate? Protist/Plant classification confusion and the creation of a sixth kingdom

A

Chromista!

58
Q

Reproduction in Seaweed Algae

A

Algae reproduce sexually and asexually. Asexually, they reproduce via fragmentation (pieces of algae breaks off and grows into a new individual), asexual spores, and simple mitotic division. Sexual reproduction of algae varies widely among phyla. Reproduction in red and brown algae is particularly complex, but we will focus on the life cycle of two types of algae listed below.

Generally, for sexual reproduction, two gametes fuse to form a zygote. Filamentous algae (rod-shaped, composed of rows of cells joined end to end) reproduce via conjugation. For example, Oedogonium, a filamentous green alga, flagellated sperm is released into the surrounding water, where they swim to an oogonium (cell containing the egg) and fertilization occurs, producing a zygote. The zygote undergoes meiosis and releases zoospores, which settle and start forming new filaments.

59
Q

bull kelp grows entirely in one season

A

spring to fall. It is the largest form of brown algae and has a large bulb on one end of a long tail called a stipe. This is just one of many examples of algae in kingdom Plantae.

60
Q

multicellular algae are grouped based

A

on their pigment

61
Q

Phylum Chlorophyta

A

Chlorophytes, or green algae, occur in freshwater, although some live in the ocean. Some species live as symbiotic partners in the cells of invertebrates or as part of organisms called lichen. This group contains more than 7000 species! You may have seen the green algae above. It is called Codium fragile and is commonly known as green sea fingers or dead man’s fingers.

62
Q

Green algae serves as an important food source for

A

marine life, such as fish, crustaceans and gastropods. The pigment found in green algae is also used as food colouring.

63
Q

Phylum Rhodophyta

A

Rhodophytes, or red algae, live in fresh water or on land, but most are marine seaweeds. This phylum contains more than 6000 species

64
Q

Phylum Rhodophyta

A

red algae contain chlorophyll a and pigments called phycobilins. This pigment is what gives this group a red colour and it plays an important role in absorbing light for photosynthesis. This makes it possible for red algae to live deep in the ocean, where algae lacking the phycobilin pigments cannot survive. The cell walls of red algae contain cellulose, agars and carrageenans.

65
Q

Phylum Rhodophyta

A

Red algae are a part of daily life for many people. Many different red algae are utilized for food. You may recognize ‘nori’ (Porphyra) which is used to make those yummy sushi rolls we crave! In addition to their use for food, the cell wall agars and carrageenans are used in cosmetics, food preparation, and biomedical research red algal species are being intensively researched for medicinal use. There is evidence suggesting that chemicals from red algae can help to fight viral infections like herpes and HIV.

66
Q

Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)

A

Brown algae are mostly marine and are most common along rocky coasts where ocean water is cool. The brown algae contain chlorophyll a and c and fucoxanthin, the pigment that gives them the brown colour. The cell walls are made of cellulose and algin.

67
Q

Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)

A

All brown algae are multicellular and most are large, often reaching lengths of more than 45 meters. Take a look at the image to the left. It is a simplified diagram of bull kelp. The stem-like portion of the algae is called the stipe. The stipe is anchored to the ocean bottom by a root-like holdfast. The leaf-like regions, attached to the bulb, capture light for photosynthesis.

68
Q

Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)

A

Brown seaweeds make up the majority of the biomass in the intertidal and subtidal zones in British Columbia. Two species found most commonly in BC are kelps and rockweeds. These two groups are economically and ecologically very important. Economically, they are harvested in their raw form for food products, cosmetics and fertilizers. Ecologically, kelps and rockweeds are major habitat providers and environments for fish and invertebrates. Their large biomass provides a lot of oxygen and kelp beds protect shorelines from erosion.

69
Q

A problem faced by algae is they must be thin to absorb nutrients and water through their

A

leaf-like structures. They also have no true roots, stems, or leaves due to their aquatic nature.

70
Q

Non-vascular plants are very small because they

A

lack a vascular system; this means they do not have the “plumbing” to transport food and water far distances.

Non-vascular plants are also referred to as bryophytes and are divided into three different types: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

71
Q

The three phyla of non-vascular plants are collectively called

A

bryophytes

72
Q

Firstly, bryophytes typically measure around

A

2 centimeters tall. They lack tissues (non-vascular) that provide structure and support that other land plants have, so they cannot grow taller. This means they do not have true roots, stems or leaves.

73
Q

rhizoids

A

bryophytes lack tissues to provide structure and support, bryophytes grow close together on rocks, soil, tree trunks, and leaves. Also, instead of roots, some bryophytes have rhizoids, which are small hairs that attach and anchor the plant in place.

74
Q

Bryophytes are covered in a waxy protective layer called a

A

cuticle that helps them retain water.

75
Q

Bryophytes have an alternation of generations life cycle. They are seedless, and they produce spores. They reproduce sexually and asexually and need water to reproduce sexually because

A

the sperm must swim through water to the egg. In dry areas, bryophytes can reproduce asexually.

76
Q

bryophytes are primarily

A

haploid. Their only diploid stage is the zygote, which grows to the sporophyte. The function of the sporophyte is simply to disperse the spores so it grows above the plant to reach the wind.

mosses, liverworts, and hornworts).

77
Q

Evolutionary Importance
Non-vascular plants are important to evolutionary biologists because they provide a link to green algae. They have some tissue differentiation but are obviously not as advanced as vascular plants. They depend on a nearly aquatic lifestyle for part of their life cycle. They are considered the most primitive of the plant kingdom and are also known as great

A

pioneer plants. What does this mean?

Bryophytes are often the first species to inhabit a barren area. This is an important environmental function because mosses gradually accumulate inorganic and organic matter on the surface of rocks, creating a layer of soil in which other plants can grow.
In areas devastated by fire, volcanic action or human activity, pioneering moss can trigger the development of new biological communities
They also help prevent soil erosion by covering the soil surface and absorbing water

78
Q

Non-vascular plants are also called bryophytes and there are three phyla within this group (

A

mosses, liverworts, and hornworts).
They need water to reproduce and have an alternation of generation life cycle where the gametophyte generation is dominant and the sporophyte depends on the gametophyte for nutrients and water.

79
Q

Non-vascular plants lack “plumbing”- this means they

A

do not have conductive tissue, roots, stems or leaves

80
Q

The term bryophytes include

A

The term bryophytes include mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Bryophytes are green plants in which the sexual generation (gametophyte) is dominant and the sporophyte is largely dependent on the gametophyte for its survival and maturation.

81
Q

Phylum Bryophyta

moss reproduces by

A

dispersing large numbers of spores. The gametophyte is the dominant generation and is the form we generally recognize as a “moss”. At the tip of the gametophyte are reproductive structures called the antheridium (produces flagellated sperm) and the archegonia (produces eggs). When the sperm swims to the egg, fertilization occurs to produce a zygote. The zygote germinates to produce a sporophyte (diploid). The sporophyte has a capsule on top that contains haploid spores. Once a spore is released, it lands nearby and germinates into a mass of green filament called protonema. The protonema develops shoots and rhizoids to become a gametophyte.

82
Q

Phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts)

A

e liverworts, which are unusual looking plants with flattened leaves. They grow in moist, shady areas and very low to the ground due to their flattened leaves. This is an adaptation that allows them to absorb water readily. In some species, the gametophyte is topped by an umbrella-shaped structure that holds the reproductive cells. They are often referred to as weeds because they can easily take over farm land if the land is moist enough.

Liverworts undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction. Asexually, parts break off (fragmentation) the cup-like structure, pictured on the left, to form a new plant. Sexual reproduction occurs similarly to mosses in that they have antheridia and archegonia producing gametes, which fertilize to form a new plant. The sporophyte releases spores that will grow to form a new liverwort. Liverworts are found in forests in BC, where they can dominant the grounds and tree trunks.

83
Q

Phylum Anthocerophyta

A

Phylum Anthocerophyta includes the hornworts, which resemble the liverworts. They also grow in moist, shaded areas. They are described as a slimy looking photosynthetic substance in the gametophyte generation. Take a look at the image above. Would you describe them this way? The narrow pipe-like sporophyte is the defining characteristic of the group. Hornworts reproduce similarly to liverworts, asexually, via fragmentation, and sexually with antheridia and archegonia.

84
Q

There are three phyla within bryophytes and they include

A

mosses, liverworts and hornworts. The gametophyte generation is the dominant generation while the sporophyte depends on the gametophyte for nutrients. The leaves of liverworts are lobate green structures while hornworts have narrow, pipe-like structures.

85
Q

Vascular plants are

A

the dominant and the most conspicuous group of land plants. They contain tissue that transports water and other substances throughout the plant. In other words, they have the “plumbing” the non-vascular plants lacked.

86
Q

The xylem vessels carry ( momevent one way up)

A

t. The xylem vessels carry water from the roots up the plant and to the leaves. Not only is the xylem capable of transporting water to the leaves of tall plants but it is also responsible for stability in woody tissues. These tissues help the plant fight gravity and the wind.

87
Q

The vascular vessels are divided into two types based on what they transport. The phloem are vessels on the outer layer of the stem that

A

transport food materials, such as sugars, to the rest of the plant. If a tree is cut, you can often see sap oozing out of the tree, and this is the contents of the phloem. Have you had maple syrup? It is the processed form of the sap that is found in the phloem of maple trees!

88
Q

The stems of licorice fern contain a substance called osladin

A

which is 3000 times sweeter than sugar! It is chewed and can also be brewed into a licorice-flavoured tea. Traditionally, the stems were chewed by the Squamish, Sechelt, Comox, Nuxalk, Haida, and W̱SÁNEĆ First Nations. The rhizomes (stems) were an important medicine for colds and sore throat and were also mixed with bitter medicines as a sweetener.

89
Q

Vascular plants contain specialized conducting tissue, called

A

xylem and phloem, that transport water and dissolved substances from one part of the plant to another. Vascular plants can grow larger and live in more environments that non-vascular plants. The strong stems of vascular plants all the plant to grow tall and therefore receive more sunlight. The sporophyte generation is dominant in vascular plants.

90
Q

Subphylum Lycophyta (Club Mosses)

A

The club mosses are the earliest group of seedless vascular plants. Club mosses are small, evergreen plants consisting of a stem and leaves. Since they look similar to miniature pine trees, club mosses are often referred to as ground pines. There are close to 1200 species. Their cone-like structure, called a strobilus, contains sporangia-bearing modified leaves. You may see them as Christmas decorations! Club misses follow the pattern of alternation of generations with the sporophyte being the dominant stage of the life cycl

Biology 11 (3 decks)

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