SEE EQUIPMENTS/TECH : Delivery and Airway Equipment Flashcards
1
Q
What is the volume of the gases that cannot be accurately estimated from the cylinder pressure gauge?
A
Nitrous
2
Q
With nitrous the pressure will remain constant until
A
constant until the LIQUID portion of the gas is depleted.
3
Q
If you’re doing a case and you suspect a pipeline cross over ,2 corrective actions that must be undertaken are?
A
Open the backup oxygen cylinder
Disconnect the pipeline gas
4
Q
When you suspect a pipeline crossover, you disconnect the pipeline gas from the wall why?
A
Because the anesthesia machine will continue to draw from the higher pressure system even if the lower pressure O2 cylinder is open
5
Q
If the flow of O2 is 2L/min , and the cylinder’s gauge pressure is 500 psi, how long will it last?
A
87 minutes
6
Q
Molecular weight of N2O is
A
44g/mol , one mole at STP is 22.4 L
7
Q
Names 3 components of the low pressure system
A
Common gas outlet
Flow meters
Vaporizer
8
Q
Flush valve is part of which system?
A
Intermediate pressure system
9
Q
Hanger yoke and cylinder pressure gauge is part of what system?
A
High pressure system
10
Q
What is the purpose of the Diameter index safety system (DISS)
A
Prevents incorrect hose attachment.
11
Q
The DISS Is required by the
A
American Society for TESTING and MATERIALS for an anesthesia workstation
12
Q
What is the purpose of the pressure regulator on the gas machine?
A
Reduces cylinder pressure to a lower pressure before it enters the flow valve.
13
Q
The pressure regulator decrease the variable cylinder pressure to
A
45-47 psig, to prevent dangerous levels to enter the flow valve.
14
Q
What device reduces the pressure of gas from an E-cylinder to a usable pressure?
A
Regulator
15
Q
A dula hanger yoke system hold 2 oxygen e-cylinder. If both cylinders are open , where will the gauge indicate the pressure?
A
The cylinder that has the highest pressure.
16
Q
The HANGER Yoke functions?
A
Orients cylinders
provides a gas tight seal
Ensures unidirectional low.
17
Q
The hanger yoke has a _____system
A
PIN index systme, in order to prevent the connection of a cylinder of one gas to a yoke intended for another.
18
Q
What type of valve is an oxygen regulator?
A
DIAPHRAGM
19
Q
Describe the design of the THORPE TUBE.
A
Gas specific
Tapered
Narrowest part of the bottom
Largest part on top
20
Q
What is the minimum oxygen flow rate through the oxygen flow valve when the anesthesia machine is turned on?
A
150 ml/min
21
Q
Oxygen flow valves are designed to deliver a minimum flow of
A
150ml/min when the anesthesia machine is on
22
Q
Flow meter knobs are ____coded and _____coded
A
Color and touch
23
Q
Ball types floats are read in the
A
Center of the float
24
Q
Plumb types floats are read
A
At the top of the float
25
Changing the inspired gas composition from 100% O2 to 70% nitrous oxide may have what transient effect through the vaporizer?
A decrease volatile anesthetic concentration due to the higher solubility of nitrous in volatile agents. [
26
2 things that may occur from filling a VARIABLE BYPASS vaporizer with DESFLURANE?
The patient may receive a hypoxic mixture
| The patient may receive a overdose of desflurane.
27
Desflurane has a _____boiling point and a ______VP
Low; high
28
At normal flow rate, changing the inspired gas composition from 100% O2 to 70% nitrous oxide will cause which of the following to happen to a vaporizing chamber output?
Increase until a new steady state is achieved.
29
The quantity of inhalational agent delivered from a vaporizer is dependent on the
Flow rate of the carrier gas through the vaporizer.
30
Effect of altering the carrier gas
Causes a temporary decrease in the vaporizer output followed quickly by an increase in output until a new steady state is achieved.
31
What are factors that affect the steady state of convential vaporizers ?
Viscosity of the Carrier gas
Density of the carrier gas
solubility of the carrier gas in the anesthetic liquids
Flow splitting characteristic of the specific vaporizer.
Concentration set on the vaporizer dial
32
Filling an enflurane-specific vaporizer with halothane will have what effect on anesthetic gas delivery?
40% increase in the anesthetic gas delivery, leading to anesthetic overdose.
33
Desflurane vaporizers have which of the following features?
Temperature regulation
| separation of fresh gas flow from liquid agent
34
Desflurane vapor is added to
the fresh gas mixture before exiting
35
The Vaporizer for desflurane is called a
TEC 6 (tec ,4, 5, 7) and they are temperature compensated.
36
What are factors that influence variable bypass vaporizer output ?
High fresh gas flowrate through the vaporizer
intermittent back pressure for the use of PPV
Carrier gas composition
37
Vaporizer output is influenced by the _______. What is the significance of that ?
Carrier gas composition ; Changes the carrier gas to a one more soluble than oxygen changes vaporizer output.
38
2 things that can create higher than expected vaporizer output?
Using the flush valve
| Positive pressure ventilation
39
Why are certain metals chosen for vaporizer construction?
Metal with HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY are chosen to maintain a uniform internal temperature/
40
What is thermal conductivity?
It is a measure of the speed with which heat flow through a substance.
41
What is the purpose of gas machine proportioning system?
Prevent the delivery of a hypoxic gas mixture to the patient.
42
What does the proportioning system do?/
Decrease the pressure of nitrous when oxygen pressure decreases proportionately to prevent a hypoxic gas mixture.
43
Nitrous oxide gas flow is regulated to maintain a minimum oxygen concentration of _____ by linking it with which gas?
21-25% Oxygen
44
Which of the following gases carries the greatest risk of creating a hypoxic mixture when delivered to the patient via a nitrous oxide-oxygen (3:1) FGF? why?
Desflurane. Because high concentration of a less-potent volatile, such as desflurane, can result in a vapor mixture that contains less than 21% oxygen even with a fully functioning proportioning system. This high concentration may become a higher percentage of total gas flows, lowering the inspired oxygen levels.
45
Oxygen supply pressure safety devices are
Oxygen failure cut-off valve
Pneumatic alarm
Second stage oxygen pressure regulator
Electronic alarm
46
Electronic flowmeters do what?
Allow the anesthetist to estimate total gas flow quantity in the event of a total electrical power outage but does not prevent a hypoxic mixture.
47
The oxygen supply pressure safety devices function
Ensure the delivered oxygen concentration will not fall below 19% at the common gas outlet if there is an oxygen pressure failure.
48
The Datex-Ohmeda 2nd stage oxygen pressure regulator is set to which of the following pressure ranges
12-19 psi
49
Oxygen supply low pressure sensors are designed to activate a gas whistle or electronic alarm when inlet gas pressure drops below the usual threshold?
20-35 psi
50
The 2000 ATSM F1850-00 standard states:
The anesthesia gas supply device shall be designed so that whenever oxygen supply pressure is reduced to below the manufacturer specified minimum, the delivered Oxygen concentration shall not decrease below 19% at the common gas outlet
51
Systems that warn of troubles with the oxygen supply or less the chances of hypoxemia are based on monitoring which of the following?
The pressure within the oxygen circuitry of the gas machine
52
Does the warning system of a oxygen supply problem ensure that oxygen is present?
NO . It is based solely on OXYGEN PRESSURE
53
What is the only MONITOR that can verify that oxygen is present?
Inspired oxygen analysis sensor.
54
Older gas machines, the pressure sensor shutoff valves operate under which of the following principles
Oxygen pressure > 20 psi is needed to maintain the nitrous oxide valve in the open position. If the oxygen supply pressure drops below 20psi the valve will shut and nitrous flow stops
55
Most modern gas use a proportioning safety device which
reduces the pressure of all gases, except air in the event of a loss of O2 pressure
56
At what pressure is the FAIL-SAFE VALVE ACTIVATED?
< 30 Psi
57
What is the purpose of the fail-safe device ensures that
When the oxygen pressure is lowered, the oxygen concentration will not decrease at the common gas outlet.
58
The loss of the oxygen pressure will result in an
Alarm at or below 30 psi of pipeline pressure.
59
Which gas is shut off by modern fail-safe valve?
Nitrous oxide
60
What literally hold open the gate so that nitrous oxide can flow through the gas machine?
Pressure in the oxygen line
61
What is the purpose of the fail-safe system?
Prevents delivery of a hypoxic gas mixture.
62
The fail-safe allows the flow of other gases only if there is
Sufficient oxygen pressure in the supply pipeline. If the oxygen pipeline pressure falls, gases such as nitrous oxide are stopped, thus preventing accidental delivery of a hypoxic mixture.
63
Because of the design of the ventilator spill valve, bellows ventilators have what level of intrinsic PEEP?
2-3 cm H2O
64
Standing bellows ventilator shave a mandatory PEEP of
2-3 cm H2O
65
When the bag/vent selector switch is set to vent which of the following component is taken out of line from a circle anesthetic system?
APL valve
| bag
66
Machine prep for a patient with known or suspected MH?
Change breathing circuit
Change CO2 absorbent
Remove vaporizers
Flush machine at a rate of 10L/min for 20 minutes
67
During maintenance this is required?
Increased fresh gas flows.
68
Features of a DESCENDING bellows ventilator
Bellows continue to move upward and downward despite a patient disconnnection.
The driving gas pushes the bellow upward during inspiratory phase.
69
Features of a ASCENDING bellows ventilator
A ball type valve in the base of the ventilator relief valve produces 2-3 cm H2O of PEEP During ventilator use in all ascending-bellows ventilators.
70
In ascending bellows ventilator, scavenging ONLY OCCURS DURING
Expiratory phase.
71
In ascending bellows ventilator, a weighted ball produces 2-3 cm H2O of pressure when the
Patient exhales
72
Use of the flush valve inappropriately?
Inaprappropriate use of the flush valve delivers oxygen at a rate 25-75L/min directly into the circuit, can cause BAROTRAUMA of the lungs.
73
Leaks in the bellows assembly of an ascending-bellows ventilator may cause what with ventilation?
Inadequate ventilation because the driving gas is vented to the atmosphere.
74
Leaks in the bellows assembly of an ascending-bellows ventilator may cause what with alveolar ventilation?
Alveolar hyperinflation due to high pressure driving gas entering the patient circuit.
75
Leaks in the bellows assembly of an ascending-bellows ventilator may cause what with oxygen concentration?
A possible increase of the O2 concentration of the patient gas to 100% if the driving gas is oxygen .
76
Leaks in the bellows assembly of an ascending-bellows ventilator may cause what with Volatile concentration?
A lower than anticipated delivered volatile concentration.
77
A hole in the bellows can lead to
Alveolar hyperinflation
| Possible barotrauma
78
High pressure circuits parts are
Hanger yoke
Yoke Block
Cylinder pressure gauge
Cylinder pressure regulators
79
Pipeline inlets and pressure gauges: H/I/L
Intermediate pressure circuits parts
80
ventilator power inlet H/I/L
Intermediate
81
Oxygen pressure failure device (fail-safe) and alarm H/I/L
Intermediate
82
Flowmeters valves part of H/I/L
Intermediate
83
Oxygen and nitrous oxide second stage regulators H/I/L
Intermediate
84
Oxygen flush valve H/I/L
Intermediate
85
The low pressure circuit includes components distal to the flowmeter needle
Valve
Flowmeters
Vaporizers
CGO
86
Commercial soda lime has a water content of
14-19%
87
Which of the following indicators is sued in CO2 absorbent?
Ethyl violet
88
Commercial soda lime is capable of absorbing up to _______of carbon dioxide per 100g of absorbent
23-26L / 100g of granules
89
Barium hydroxide lime is capable of absorbing
9-18 L / 100g of granules.
90
Dry soda lime can produce which of the following problem degradation products from volatile anesthetics?
Compound A
| Carbon monoxide.
91
Desflurane, Can interact with dry soda lime or barium hydroxide lime to produce
Carbon monoxide (CO)
92
Increase produces of carbon monoxide can cause
elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels.
93
At a given MAC fractions, absorbents will produce carbon monoxide from the degradation of volatile agents at which relative proportion?
Desflurane >/equal Enflurane > Isoflurane
94
The magnitude of CO production from GREATEST to LEAST is
Desflurane > Enflurane > Isoflurane >>Halothane = Sevoflurane.
95
How much CO2 can be absorbed by a standard soda lime CO2 absorbent?
14-23 L CO2/ 100 grams absorbent granules
96
Key advantage of calcium hydroxide lime absorbents?
Absence of strong bases eliminates the production of Compound A
Calcium Hydroxide lime will not produce carbon monoxide as a byproduct
97
AMSORB is a
Calcium Hydroxide lime
98
Advantage of Amsorb
Shows less degradation of sevo into compound A and Desflurane into carbon monoxide.
99
Disadvantage of Amsorb
HIGHER cost
| LESS CO2 absorptive capacity
100
What are factors that affect CO2 absorbent function
Type of absorbent
Size of the granules
Channeling of gas through larger, low-resistance pathways
Amount of water in the absorbent.
101
What is the role of the ethyl violet as a pH indicator?
Indicate when granules are becoming exhausted.
102
The effective ilife or a canister of soda lime?
Channeling will shorten the life of a cannister.
103
What is channeling?
When the ventilator gas flows creates a small passageway through the absorbent granules, causing gases to travel down the path of least resistance, limiting the life of the CO2 absorbent.
104
In the absence of the absorber color change, CLINICAL SIGNS OF CO2 ABSORBENT is exhausted may include?
Respiration? ABG?
Increased spontaneous RR
Resp acidosis of ABG
Increase SNS drive (skin flushing, tachycardia, sweating)
Failure of ETCO2, to return to zero during inspiration
105
With CO2 absorbent exhaustion clinical signs include an initial
increase in hemodynamics f/B DECREASE in BP and HR
106
Factors leading to an increased concentration of compound A
```
Fresh carbon dioxide absorbent
Low total flow
Baralyme, soda lime
Higher absorbent temperature
HIGH LEVELS of SEVOFLURANE
```
107
When are higher levels of CO production more likely
INcrease anesthestic concentration
| Absorbent dehydrated, absorbent temp is increased.
108
Recommended ways to reduce the incidence of CO exposure in humans?
Rehydrate dessicated absorbents by adding to the absorbents
| Use calcium hydroxide instead of soda lime
109
In a review of the ASA closed claims which of the following is the most common malfunction of the medical gas delivery system?
The BREATHING CIRCUIT
110
Most common/ popular anesthetic breathing system in the United states?
Circle
111
2 most common reasons for increases in inspired CO2 are
Faulty unidirectional valves
| Exhaustion of absorbent granules.
112
Which of the following utilizes a NRB valve?
Resuscitation breathing system
113
A mapleson system is considered______
valveless
114
What circuit is referred to as a modified mapleson D circuit
Bain circuit
115
Which of the following will trigger a low-pressure alarm?
Disconnection of the ETT from the circuit
116
Disconnection of the ETT from the circuit will trigger which alarm?
Low pressure alarm
117
Nitrous oxide in the oxygen pipeline gas supply will trigger which alarm?
NO ALARM will be triggered.
118
Minimum disconnect alarms that should be found on anesthesia workstations?
Low peak inspiratory pressure
Low exhaled TV
Low exhale CO2
119
3 things that may trigger a HIGH PEAK INSPIRATORY PRESSURE Alarm?
Increased TV
Peritoneal gas insufflation
Inadvertent ENDOBRONCHIAL intubation
120
Disconnection of the expiratory limb will cause which alarm?
Low peak inspiratory pressure alarm
121
Esophageal intubation will trigger no alarm, T/F
True
122
High pipeline gas pressure will trigger
NO ALARM because it is expected and is mediated by the anesthesia macing itself.
123
The Peak inspiratoyr pressure is the
HIGHEST CIRCUIT PRESSURE generated during the INSPIRATORY cycle
124
The peak inspiratory pressure is the highest circuit pressure generated during the inspiratory cycle and gives an IDEA of the
DYNAMIC COMPLIANCE OF THE LUNG
125
Ventilators with both ascending and descending bellows are available, but the ascending beloowes are preferred why?
Ascending bellow draw attention to a disconnected circuit by collapsing and hanging bellows are rarely used, because a disconnect from the circuit is not indicated in the bellows.
126
What can occur if the ventilator pressure relief valve (spill valve) is stuck closed?
Pulmonary barotrauma
127
Fully closed pressure relief valve could cause rise in _________
rise in lung pressure, resulting in pulmonary barotrauma, and hemodynamic compromise.
128
Oxygen flush valve delivers 35-75L/min to______and bypasses the ______and ______
Common gas outlet; flowmeters and vaporizers.
129
An empty bellows alarm suggests a _____ or ______
circuit disconnection or an occult leak.
130
Most frequent site of disconnection
Y-piece disconnection
131
Smallest and largest cylinder
with “A” being the smallest and “H” being the largest (most commonly).
132
Full E-cylinder O2 L and PSIG
660L and 1900 psi
133
E cylinder pin position for
Oxygen
Air
NItrous
2-5
1-5
3-5
134
Color for O2, nitrous and air respectively
Green, blue, yellow
135
Full E-cylinder nitrous L and PSIG
1590L and 745 PSIG
136
At what volume will the pressure gauge of nitrous oxide e-cylinder fall bellow its maximal pressure
400L
137
When does the service pressure of Nitrous begin to decrease?
ONce the liquid nitrous in the cylinder is vaporized.
138
Hanger yoke is part of what system
High pressure
139
Cylinder pressure gauge is part of what system
High pressure
140
Common gas outlet required by the ATSM is _____and _______why?
Inner diameter 15mm and outer 20 mm; to prevent accidental disconnection
141
What is the path of fresh gases through an anesthesia gas machine?
Oxygen is added last to the fresh gas manifold to reduce the risk of hypoxic mixture in the event a flow tube is cracked.
142
To prevent a hypoxic mixture in the event of a leak, what is the preferred means of compressing the bellows?
Oxygen
143
5 tasks of Oxygen
```
Compress the bellow
fail-safe mechanism
providing fresh gas flow to the flowmeter
driving oxygen flush valve
activate low oxygen pressure alarm
```
144
O2 pipeline gas supply should be regulated to what pressure
50 Psi
145
Cylinder pressure is set at _____psi and pipeline is set at ______why?
45; 50 ; To ensure that the flow of gas preferentially comes from the pipeline supply, rather than the cylinder. This prevents the unnecessary utilization of the limited gas supply within a cylinder when pipeline supplies are available, such as when a cylinder is inadvertently left open.
146
Causes of flowmeter malfunction include?
Sticking of the float at the top of the tube
| vertical tube misalignment
147
O2 flush valve delivers oxygen at ____psi and _____L/min
50; 35-75L/min
148
The high flow rate of the O2 flush valve bypasses
Flowmeters and vaporizers
149
Some flowmeters have 2 glass tubes
ONe for high flows and one for low flows
150
Flowtubes are coated with a conductive or nonconductive
COnductive substance
151
Variable bypass vaporizers have which of the following features?
Temperature compensated
| Flow-meter methodology for vaporization
152
Injector vaporizes utilize a
Gas/Vapor blender
153
Risks of vaporizers including
Overfilling the vaporizer
Tipping the vaporizer
incorrectly administering the wrong agent
Vaporizer leaks or electronic failures and failure to perform regular preventative maintenance.
154
When will the hypoxic guard systems not work?
If there is a pipeline crossover
155
If pneumatic /mechanics are defective would the hypoxic guard work
No
156
Nitrous oxide administration is controlled to limit to what ratio with oxygen?
3:1
157
Hypoxic prevention measures between O2 and N2O are present
on all curent anesthesia gas machines, they limit the ration of nitrous oxide To oXYGEN to 3:1, ensuring that a minimum of 21-23% is ALWAYS PRESENT
158
The link 25 proportion system is present on what type of machine
Datex-Ohmeda
159
The datex ohmeda link 25 proportion system does what?
It will automatically iNCREASES THE FLOW of OXYGEN TO maintain a ratio of N2O to oxygen of no less 3:1
160
Dual circuit vaporizers do not prevent
hypoxic concentration of oxygen
161
Datex Ohmeda second stage oxygen pressure gradient is set to ______psig
12-19 psig
162
The Datex ohmeda pressure sensor shutoff valve on these machines is set at ____psig
20-30 psig
163
The anesthesia gas supply device shall be designed so that whenever oxygen supply pressure is reduce to below
the manufacturer specified minimum, the delivered oxygen concentration will not decrease below 19% of the common gas outlet
164
Oxygen supplly low pressure sensors are designed to activate a gas whistle or electronic alarm when inlet gas pressure drops below
20-35 psig
165
Systems that warn that troubles with the oxygen supply or lessen the chances of hypoxemia, are based on
the pressure within the oxygen circuitry of the gas machine
166
Which is the only systme that ensures oxygen is present in the pipeline or cylinder?
Inspired oxygen analysis
167
Older gas machines the pressure sensor shut off valves operate under the principle that oxygen pressure _____Psi is needed to maintain the nitrous oxide valve in the open position
>20
168
Most modern anesthesia machine use a proportioning safety decide that
Proportionately reduce the pressure of ALL GASES, EXCEPT air, in the event of a loss of oxygen pressure.
169
A leak downstream of the flow control valves may lead to
Formation of a hypoxic mixture
170
What is the NIOSH recommended limitation of the room concentration of nitrous oxide? ____ppm
25ppm
171
What is the NIOSH recommended limitation of the room concentration of Halogenated agent? ____ppm? if nitrous being use
2 ppm ; 0.5
172
Descending bellow ventilator design can continue to
Move upward and downward despite a patient disconnnection
173
Descending bellow, what happens during inspiration>?
Push bellows upward during inspiration
174
With ascending bellows when is the expired gases scavenged?
During the Expiratory phase
175
Commercial soda lime has a water content of
14-19%
176
How much CO2 can be absorbed by a standard lime CO2 absorbent?
14-23L / 100 g of absorbent
177
What outcome of sevoflurane can occurs with interaction with the dessicated Baralyme?
Fire withing the breathing system
178
Key advantages of calcium hydroxide lime absorbents include?
Absence of strong bases eliminates production of compound A
| Calcium hydroxide will not procuce CO as a by product
179
When are high levels of CO production less likely?
When the anesthetic concentration is reduced.
180
2 components of the circle systme
```
APL
Reservoir bag
Fresh gas flow source
Both insp and exp valve
y connector
CO2 absorber
```
181
What is the potential cause of system obstruction and failure
Manufacturing defects
182
Which of the following will lead to an increase in INSPIRED CO2?
Faulty unidirectional valves
| Exhausted CO2 absorbent
183
To troubleshoot an elevated inspired Co2
Increase FGF to 5-8 L/min
184
Does non rebreathing system have unidirectional valves?
NO; *pay attention
185
Disadvantage of NRB system
Hard to detect disconnection or kinking in fresh gas hose
| Higher flows may increase the cost of anesthesia delivery
186
What is the minimum fresh gas flow to prevent rebreathing in Mapleson D circuit?
2-3 times the MV
187
Potential complication associated with the malfunction of a Bain breathing system?
Respiratory acidosis due to unrecognized kinking of the fresh gas hose.
188
Per ASTM standards, a high priority alarm may not be silence longer than
2 minutes
189
What will initiate a priority high alarm
Continuing high pressure
Negative pressure
Oxygen faillling below 18%
190
The oxygen supply low pressure sensor will activate when the inlet gas pressure decrease below a theshold of
20-35 psig
191
Gas composition in the breathing circuit can be significantly affected by
Anesthetic uptake into the patient's lungs
Presense of gas leaks
MV
Volume of the breathing circuit itself
192
During bag mask ventilation, continued deflation of the breathing bag when the pressure relief valve is closed usually indicates
A substantial leak around the mask
193
During bag mask ventilation, the generation of high breathing circuit pressure with minimal chest movement and breath sound suggests/
An obstructed airway
194
The use of a flexible fiber optic bronchoscope is preffered over direct laryngoscope with a rigid scope for which types of patients
Patients with unstable cervical spines
| Patients with congenital upper airway anomalies
195
According to the laryngeal view scoring system developed by comack and lehande, a grade 3 visualization would indicated that the laryngoscope could visualize
The epiglottis but no part of the glottis can be seen
196
An ETT tube marked with "I.T." or "Z-79" indicateds
The ETT has been tested to ensure nontoxicity
197
The resistance of airflow through an ETT tube depends on 2 factors
Length of the ETT
| Curvature of the ETT
198
The resistance of airflow through an ETT is primarily a function of the tube
Diameter
199
ETT tube cuff pressure depends on the
Intrathoracic pressure
Tracheal and cuff compliance
Diameter of the cuff in relation to the trachea
Volume of air used to inflate the cuff
200
Which of the following is the equation to determine the appropriate internal diameter in mm of an ETT tube for a child?
4 + (age/4)
201
A full term infant requiring intubation would most likely require what size of ETT
3.5 ID and 12 cm length
202
All double lumen tubes are
longer bronchial lumen and another shorter tracheal lumen
Preformed curve that allows preferential entry into either bronchus
A bronchial cuff
203
Most double lumen tube easily accommodate bronchoscopes with outer diameters between
3.6-4.2 mm
204
Major complications specific to double lumen bronchial tubes inclde
Hypoxemia due to tube misplacement or occlusion
Tracehaobronchial rupture resulting from overinflation of the bronchial cuff
Inadvertent suturing of the tube to a bronchus during surgery
205
Which of the following is a an examples of a right double lumen bronchial tube?
Gordon-Green tube
206
What is A robert shaw tube?
A double lumen bronchial tube that can intubate either the right or left bronchus
207
What is a carlens tube?
Double lumen bronchial tube that is intended to intubate the left bronchus.
208
What is a forgathy catheter
Type of bronchial blocker
209
During one lung ventilation, the mixing of unoxygenated blood from the collapse, operative lung with oxygenated blood from the dependent lung
Increases the PA-a oxygen gradient which can lead to hypoxemia
210
What limit the increase of the PA-a oxygen gradient?
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
211
Which of the following is the preferred laryngoscope blade for insertion of a double lumen bronchial tube./
Macintosh (improve visualization)
212
The length of an appropriately sized nasal airway can be dtermined by
Distance from nares to meatus of the ear
213
Nasal airways should not be used in which of the follwoing
Anticoagulants patients
| Patients with a basilar skull fracture
214
Where is a standart tacheosteomy performed
At the level of the 4-6th tracheal ring
| Below the isthmus of the thyroid gland
215
Contraindications to the use of LMA include
Bronchospasm
216
LMA and compliance of lung
Contraindicated in decrease pulmonary compliance. such as fibrosis, sarcoidism
217
LMA vs ETT bronchospasm
Less bronchospasm compared to ETT
