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Earth Science 2 > Sedimentary basins > Flashcards

Sedimentary basins Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the types of siliclastics rocks

A
  • quartz
  • orthoclase and plagioclase feldspar
  • lithics
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2
Q

what results in different sediment compositions

A
  • weathering and erosion of different parent rocks created in different plate tectonic settings
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3
Q

how are sediments categorised

A
  • texture (grain size, sorting, shape)
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4
Q

how are sediments classified

A
  • composition (mineralogical constituents)
  • texture (grain things hehe)
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5
Q

full list of sedimentary characteristics

A
  • composition
  • texture
  • sedimentary structures
  • bedding geometry, style and thickness
  • nature of bedding contacts
  • fossils
  • colour
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6
Q

what does the life cycle of a sedimentary rock reflect

A
  • provenance
  • transport and deposition
  • lithification and diagenesis
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7
Q

sedimentary deposition types

A
  • alluvial fan
  • fluvial deposition
  • deltaic depositoon
  • marine deposition
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8
Q

what is a sedimentary basin

A
  • a sedimentary basin is a low area in the earths crust, of tectonic origin in which sediments accumulate
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9
Q

what shapes can a basin

A
  • doesnt have to be strictly that shape
    -can be deposited on gentle/ uniform slope
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10
Q

what is essential to creating sedimentary basins

A
  • tectonic creation of relief
    -source of sediment and low place
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11
Q

what is accommodation space

A
  • is the space that is made available within a basin for either marine or non marine sediment to be deposited
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12
Q

what is subsidence

A
  • is the gradual downward sinking of the land surface during sedimentation
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13
Q

why are sedimentary basins important

A
  • hydrocarbons
  • carbon sequestration
  • water resources
  • ore and mineral resources
  • earths history
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14
Q

how do sedimentary basins form

A
  • where tectonic activity creates space
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15
Q

different types of sedimentary basins

A

intracontinental basins- interiors far from the margins

foreland basins- craton side of collisional mountain belt

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16
Q

what controls accomodation space

A
  • is the combined product movement of
  • global sea level
  • the sea floor
  • changes in rate of sediment accumulation
17
Q

sea level change in response to sedimentary deposition

A
  • shift land/ sea ward in response
  • layers of strata and deepening/ shallowing Upward
18
Q

what is transgression

A
  • flooding due to sea level rise
  • sediment belt shifts landward and stata deepen upward
19
Q

what is an alluvial fan

A
  • is a fan or cone shaped deposit of sediment built up as a river as it decreases in velocity (often associated with a change in slope)
  • like a mountain into a valley and deposition
  • ## trunk streams cause accumulations of sediment
20
Q

where is a common place to find alluvial fans

A
  • common in high relief areas (base of a mountain range or below fault scarps)
  • sparse vegetation and violet flooding
  • humid
21
Q

what can alluvial fans tell us about the area

A
  • about weathering or uplift of a mountain chain
22
Q

most important environment of sedimentary deposits in a geological context

A
  • fault- bounded sedimentary basins where periodic fault movements enable subsidence and preservation of fan sediments
23
Q

composition of alluvial fans

A
  • poorly sorted and gravel dominated
    -down fan increase in sediment sorting
  • decrease in grain size and bed thickness
24
Q

what is debris flow

A
  • viscous slurry of material that spreads out as a lobe
  • when dense water/sediments
25
Q

what are stream flow dominated fans

A
  • more sheet-like deposits of gravel
  • moderately well sorted, cross-bedded, laminated or structureless
  • will be confined to channels on the surface
26
Q

the process of deposition is determined by…….

A
  • availability of water
  • amount and type of sediment being carried
  • gradient of the fan surface
27
Q

why are alluvial fans uselful for society

A
  • source of water supply which is important in arid regions
28
Q

2 main categories of fluvial system

A
  • meandering (single channel)
  • braided
29
Q

controlling factors of fluvial channel morphologies

A
  • grain size
  • type of sediment load
  • fluid discharge
  • discharge regularity
  • size of drainage area
  • bank stability
  • regional slope
  • tectonic events
30
Q

what is a delta

A
  • supply sediments more rapidly than it can be redistributed
  • when rivers enter oceans, lakes lagoons ect.
31
Q

what are deltas importance

A
  • site of substancial fossil fuel resource accumulation
  • ## grounds for fisheries
32
Q

the delta sub environments (3 geomorphological elements)

A
  • delta plain- sub aerial, flat swampy plain
  • delta front- shallow submarine platform where most sand accumulates
  • pro-delta- most distal water depth 10-15m where bulk suspension settles out
33
Q

what are the controls on delta environments and facies

A
  • eustatic sea level
34
Q

what are the different delta types

A
  • river dominated
  • tide-dominated
  • wave-dominated

Earth Science 2 (10 decks)

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