Sedative Hypnotic Agents Flashcards

1
Q

A drug that induces sleep =

A

hypnotic

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2
Q

A drug that produces sedation =

A

sedative

See… easy, peasy! ;-)

Also:
Calming of mental excitement
Reduction of agitation or irritability
Reduction of anxiety and apprehension (anxiolytic)

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3
Q

T/F: Barbiturates are safer than Benzodiazepines b/c they don’t induce coma.

A

False. The reverse is true. Benzodiazepines are safer.

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4
Q
Which of the following is NOT a benzodiazepine?
A.Diazepam
B. Clonazepam
C. Chlordiazepoxide
D. Eszopiclone
A

D. This is a non-benzodiazepine

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5
Q

Name 3 Non-benzodiazepines

A

Zolpidem
Zaleplon
Eszopiclone

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6
Q

What is required on the benzodiazepine structure for sedative-hypnotic activity?

A

Halogen or nitro group

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7
Q

Name 2 barbiturates

A

Phenobarbital

Primidone

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8
Q

Buspirone and doxepin are ___

A

anxiolytics

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9
Q

Ramelteon, diphenhydramine, doxylamine are ___

A

hypnotics

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10
Q

Name the GABAA receptor subunits

A

2 alpha, 2 beta, gamma

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11
Q

Benzodiazepine or barbiturates, both or neither?

GABAa receptor agonist

A

Neither b/c they do NOT activate GABA-A receptors in the absence of GABA.

Both are GABA-A receptor modulators

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12
Q

Benzodiazepine or barbiturates, both or neither?

Increase frequency of Cl- channel opening, even without GABA present

A

Neither

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13
Q

Benzodiazepine or barbiturates, both or neither?

Increase frequency of Cl- channel opening with GABA present

A

Benzodiazepine

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14
Q

Benzodiazepine or barbiturates, both or neither?

Enhance GABA’s inhibitor effect by increasing Cl- influx (hyperpolarization)

A

Both

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15
Q

Benzodiazepine or barbiturates, both or neither?

At high concentration, it directly activates Cl- channel, even without GABA

A

Barbiturates

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16
Q

Benzodiazepine or barbiturates, both or neither?

Increase the duration of GABA-gated Cl- channel opening

A

Barbiturates

17
Q

What happens at high concentrations of barbiturates?

A

They bind to other receptors –> less selective for GABA-A receptor

Interact w/ glutamate receptors as antagonists –> greater CNS effects –> coma

18
Q

Name the drug:

Used as reversal agent for BZD overdose

A

Flumazenil

19
Q

Which of the following TRUE about Flumazenil?
A. Noncompetitive antagonist of BZD receptor
B. Antagonizes the effects of alcohol, barbiturates and anesthetics
C. Duration of action is shorter than BZD and nBZDs
D. Used for barbituate overdose

A

C. Need to dose repeatedly b/c of this.

A. Competitive antagonist of BZD receptor
B. Does not antagonize any of those
D. Used for BZD overdose and speed recovery from BZD administered for surgical or diagnostic procedures.

20
Q

Which receptor does Buspirone act on?

A

Partial agonist at 5HT1A receptor

21
Q

T/F: Buspirone is mainly an anxiolytic but also has sedative-hypnotic effects.

T/F: Buspirone has little risk of tolerance or dependence.

A

False. Does NOT have sedative-hypnotic effects

True.

22
Q

Buspirone half life:

Onset of effect:

A

~2 hours

~ 1 week

23
Q

Doxepin is a _____

Type of effect:

A

Antidepressant

Anxiolytic

24
Q

Which receptor does Ramelteon act on?

Uses?

A

Melatonin receptors: MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors in suprachiasmatic nucleus
NO affinity for GABA-A - BDZ receptor complex

Reduce latency to sleep in pts w insomnia

25
Q

What receptors do diphenhydramine and doxylamine act on?

Use?

A

Antagonist at H1 histamine and muscarinic ACh receptor

Hypnotic

26
Q

Which of the following is TRUE about benzodiazepines?
A. SubQ for anxiety and sleep disorders
B. Can cross the placenta and secreted to breast milk.
C. Triazolam and lorazepam are fast onset since they are more lipid soluable.
D. Oxazepam and diazepam are slow onset

A

B

A. Oral
C. Triazolam and diazepam are fast onset
D. Oxazepam and lorazepam are slow onset

27
Q

Benzodiazepine mostly metabolized by ___

A

liver

CYP3A4, CYP2C19

28
Q

2 benzodiazepines that are directly metabolized by glucuronide conjugation (phase 2)

A

Lorazepam

Oxazepam

29
Q

Name the BZD and nBZD used for insomnia (3)

A

Lorazepam
Alprazolam
Zolpidem

30
Q

Name the BZDs used for anxiety (3)

A

Didazepam
Lorazepam
Alprazolam

31
Q

Name the BZD used for pre-anesthetic medication

A

Midazolam
Ultra short elimination half-life
Fast peak plasma concentration: 0.2-1 hr

32
Q

Name the barbiturates used for preoperative sedation (2)

A

Pentobartital

Amobarbital

33
Q

Name the barbiturate used for anesthesia induction

A

Thiopental

34
Q

Name the barbiturate used for anticonvulsant

A

Phenobarbital

35
Q

T/F: Benzodiazepines can be used as general anesthetic drugs and analgesic drugs.

A

False. Even though increasing doses produce sedation, hypnosis, stupor, unconsciousness, it is NOT a general anesthetic drug.
Reported analgesia may be due to anterograde amnesia BZD produces. NOT an analgesic drug.

36
Q

Put in order of the onset of tolerance to BZD affects from 1st to last:
Sedation, antianxiety, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant

A

Anticonvulsant > sedation&raquo_space; muscle relaxant > anti-anxiety

37
Q

Zolpidem, Zaleplon, Eszopiclone are used to ___

A

induce sleep

Decrease REM sleep, increase non REM-sleep but hey! At least you’re asleep!

38
Q

T/F: Hypnotic doses of Zolpidem, Zaleplon, Eszopiclone will cause respiratory & cardiovascular effects.

A

False. IV administration will cause this.