Security Governance and Risk Management - Domain 3 Flashcards
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A
Business Model for Information Security
- Organization Design/Strategy 2. People 3. Process 4. Technology
Security Governance
Corporate governance is the set of responsibilities and practices exercised by the board and executive management with the goal of providing strategic direction, ensuring that objectives are achieved, ascertaining that risks are managed appropriately and verifying that the enterprises resources are used responsibly.
Information Security Governance
- Subset of corporate governance 2. Provides strategic direction for security activities 3. Ensure that objectives are achieved 4 Ensures that Information security risks are appropriately managed 5. Ensures the enterprises information resources ar used responsibly
Control Frameworks and methodologies (4)
1.Committe of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) - managing risk 2. IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) 3. Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT) 4 ISO/IEC 27000 Series
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO)
Emphasis on identifying and managing risks
IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL)
- Emphasis on It services and IT service management 2. Can be used as a compliment to COBIT
Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT)
Acts as a model for IT governance and focuses more on operational goals and regulatory compliance
Cobit - PDCA Model
- PLan - establish ISMS 2. Do - Implement and operate ISMS 3. Check monitor and review ISMS check 4. Act - maintain and improve ISMS
Cobit
- Control objectives for information related technology 2 Focuses on IT related process and provides a security management lifecycle 3 A process that subdivides IT into four domains- a. Plan and organize b. acquire and implement c. deliver and support d. monitor and evaluate
ISO 27000
glossary of Terms
ISO 27001
IS Managment Systems Requirements - employs the PDCA model to structure processes and reflects the principals set out in the OECD guidelines.
ISO 27002
Code of IS practice - basic outline of hundreds of potential controls and control mechanisms, which maybe implemented, in theory, subject to the guidance provided within ISO 27001.
ISO 27005
IS Risk Management - provides guidelines for information security risk management (ISRM) in an organization, specifically supporting the requirements of an information security management system.
ISO 27799
IS for Healthcare Organizations - defines guidelines to support the interpretation and implementation in health informatics of ISO 27002 and is a companion to that standard. It specifies a set of detailed controls for managing health information security and provides health information security best practices guidelines.
ISO 27001 Controls (11) -.-
- Physical and environmental Sec. 2. Human resource Sec. 3. Organizing Information Security 4. Asset Management 5. Communications and operations Managment 6. Information Security Incident Managment 7. Business Continuity Managment 8. Security Policy 9. Access Control 10. Compliance 11 Information Systems Acquisition Development and Maintenance
Goals of a security model
Strategic goals - Overarching - supported by tactical and operational goals 2. tactical goals - mid-term - lay the necessary foundation to accomplish strategic goals 3. Operational goals - Day-to-Day - focus on productivity and task-oriented activities.
Due Care
- Do the right thing to protect assets 2. Functional requirements
Due Diligence
- To investigate actual threats and risks 2. Assurance requirements
Center of (ISC)2’s CBK: C-I-A Triad
- Confidentiality - prevent unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information 2. Integrity - Prevent unauthorized modification of systems and information 3. Availability - prevent disruption of service and productivity
Confidentiality (opposite: disclosure)
- Only authorized individuals, process or systems have access to information on a need to know basis 2. This level of access, also known as the principles of least privilege, is at the level necessary for the individual to do their job 3. Confidentiality ensures that the necessary level of security is enforced at each instance of data processing; while the data is at rest and while the data is in transit
Integrity (opposite: alteration)
- This principle implies that data should be protected from intentional, unauthorized, and/or accidental changes. 2. Controls are put in place to ensure that information is only modified through approved and accepted practices 3. Hardware, software, and communication mechanisms should work in concert to maintain and process data correctly and to move data to intended destinations without unexpected alteration
Availability (opposite: destruction)
- Availibity ensures reliability and timely access to data and resources to authorized individuals 2. The two primary areas affecting the availability of systems are (1) denial of service attacks (2) loss of service due to a disaster 3. Disaster recovery ensures that all or parts of information technology processing systems can be recovered. Disaster recovery and business continuity work together to minimize the impact of critical events.
Security Policy Document Relationships (think org chart)
Laws, regulations best practices (drivers) —> Program or Organizational policy (managements security statement) —> Functional Policies (managmements security directives) —> 1. Standards 2. Procedures 3. Baselines 4. Guidelines
Functions for Supporting Policies - Standards
Compulsory rules that dictate how hardware and software are to be used and expected behavior of employees - binding.
Functions for Supporting Policies - Baselines
A minimum level of security that is required throughout the organization - binding.
Functions for Supporting Policies - Procedures
Detailed step-by-step actions to be taken to achieve a specific task - binding.
Functions for Supporting Policies - Guidlines
Recommended actions and operational guides for users and staff members where standards do not apply - non-binding.
Asset Valuation
- Acquisitionor development costs 2. Replacement costs 3. Maintenance and protection costs 4. Productivity and operational losses 5. Owners value 6. Outside valuation 7 liability - if the asset is compromised
Data Classification Procedure
- Custodian - identify 2. Classification criteria - specify 3. Controls - per classification 4. Exceptions - document 5. Transfer custody - methods 6. Declassification - reclassification/ termination 7. Awareness - of security program
Manage third party governance
An important aspect of information security governance is the rules and processes employed when dealing with third party relationships and may include: 1. Service providers 2. Outsourced operations 3. Trading partners 4. Merged or acquired organizations
RACI Model
- Responsible 2. Accountable 3. Informed
Risk Management
The process of identifying, analyzing, and reducing the risk to an acceptable level.
Risk Management - Risk Assessment
- A method of identifying a company’s assets, their associated risks, and the potential loss that the organization could suffer. 2. Detailed estimate of likelihood and impact of particular events. 3. Suggested countermeasures
Risk Management - Risk mitigation
Managment selects countermeasures
Risk Management - Controls evaluation
Ongoing process
Risk Management Models - ANZ 4360
Australian-New Zealand risk management framework
Risk Management Model - NIST SP 800-30
US GOV risk management standard - risk
Risk Management Model - OCTAVE
Operationally Critical Threat Asset and Vulnerability Evaluations - risk
Risk Management Model - Basel II
Financial Risk management framework adopted by the EU as a minimum acceptable standard of practice
Risk Management Process (org chart)
Plan (top) —> Identify (risk identification) —> Analyze (qual and can risk anal) —> Prioritize —> Plan (risk response) —> Execute —> Evaluate —> Document —> back to (top)
Risk Management - How to handle - Asset
Any resource valuable to the organization - server/workstation
Risk Management - How to handle - Threat
Potential danger to an asset should a threat-agent take advantage of an assets vulnerability - think thumb drive
Risk Management - How to handle - Threat Source/Threat Agent
Anything and/or anyone that has the potential to cause threat - think thumb drive
Risk Management - How to handle - Vulnerability
A flaw or weakness of an asset - think thumb drive
Identifying threats and vulnerabilities - Possible losses
- Potential loss 2. Delayed loss
Identifying threats and vulnerabilities - Hard to identify
- Buffer overflows 2. Employee fraud 3. Illogical processing
Possible threats - Confidentiality
- Shoulder surfing 2. Interception of a message 3. Social engineering
Possible threats - Integrity
- Disabling the alert mechanism of an IDS 2. Modifying a message in transmission 3. Changing accounting records or system logs 4. Modifying configuration files
Possible threats - Availability
- Man made 2. Component failure within a device 3. terrorist attack 4 Denial of Service attack
Security Risk Definitions - Risk
Likelihood of a threat agent exploiting a vulnerability
Security Risk Definitions - Exposure
An opportunity for a threat to cause loss
Security Risk Definitions - Exploit
Instance of loss experienced
Security Risk Definitions - Loss
real or perceived devaluation of an asset
Security Risk Definitions - Controls
technical and nontechnical risk mitigation mechanisms
4 goals of Risk Assessment
- Assets - identify, valuate, classify 2. Risk - identify 3. Quantify - the impact
Risk Approach - Quantitative
Numeric and monetary values
Risk Approach - Qualitative
- Subjective rating assigned 2. Intuition 3. Delphi method
Annualized Loss Expectancy - (SLE)
Single Loss Expectancy - 1. Asset Value (AV) X Exposure Factor (EF) = SLE 2. The exposure factor represents the percentage of loss a realized threat could have on a certain asset.
Annualized Loss Expectancy - (ALE)
- SLE X Annualized rate of occurrence (ARO) = ALE 2. The ARO is the value that represents the estimated possibility of a specific threat taking place.
ALE Example
- Tornado is estimated to damage (50%) of a facility it hits and the value of the facility is $200K. 2. The probability is one in ten years. ALE is $10K. AV X FE = SLE then SLE X ARO = ALE 3. Managment should not spend over $10K in countermeasures to protect against this risk.
Qualitative Risk Analysis Steps (5)
- Develop risk scenarios 2. Gather company “SME’s” 3. Walk through scenarios to determine results 4. Prioritize risks and threats to assets 5. Build consensus for best countermeasures
Types of Risk - Total
Risk that exists before controls
Types of Risk - Residual
risk after countermeasures or safeguards
Types of Risk - Accepted
If a company chooses not to implement countermeasures they make the choice of the total risk of a threat
Risk Assessment Team
- Ensure business managers maintain accountability for their decisions 2. Representatives from each department should be on the team or at least interviewed 3. Identify company assets by interviewing individuals, reviewing documents and tours. 4. Many factors play into estimating the value of an asset, not just the value of a purchase order.
Risk Mitigation Options - Reject
Ignore Neglect
Risk Mitigation Options - Reduce
- Risk Avoidance 2. Risk Limitation
Risk Mitigation Options - Accept
Risk assumptions
Risk Mitigation Options - Transfer
Insurance
Control Criteria - Good security control
!. Achieves its goal by mitigating the risk 2. Makes good business sense because it is cost effective
Control Criteria - Cost Benefit Analysis Formula
- ALE before control. 2. ALE after control. 3. Annual Cost of Control
Employee Management Policies - Address
- Dangerous shortcuts 2. Collusion 3. Fraud
Employee Management Policies - Apply to
- Pre-employment 2. Mid-employment 3. Post-employment
Employees Policies - Pre employment
- Background check 2. drug screening 3. Security clearance 4. credit check
Employees Policies - Termination
- Person should leave facility immediately upon term. 2. Surrender Badge, keys and co. prop. 3. Review the non-disclosure agreement 4. Exit interview 5. Disable user accounts 6. Change passwords 7. be respectful
Knowledge transfer
Awareness, training and education - People are often the weakest link in securing information. Awareness of the need to protect information, training in the skills needed to operate them securely, and education in security measures and practices are of critical importance for the success of an organizations security program.
