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Geography:Paper 2 > SectionB: Changing Economic World > Flashcards

SectionB: Changing Economic World Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

Positive changes that makes things better

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2
Q

Quality of life

A

Generally well being of individuals physical/mental health, education, amount of free time and happiness

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3
Q

Examples of quality of life

A

Safety and security
Freedom
Right to vote
Women’s rights

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4
Q

Standard of living

A

Based on the amount of income which allows people to buy products that they need or want

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5
Q

Standard of living example

A

Income

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6
Q

Effect on development environment example

A

Natural hazards eg Nepal

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7
Q

Effect on development environmental explain

A

Poorer countries will need more aid, as they have less stable buildings
5 billion to recover
Nepal- destructive plate boundary, likely to happen again

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8
Q

Effect on development economic example

A

Trade and debt

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9
Q

Effect on development economic explain

A

LICS raw materials worth less
Landlocked countries eg chad suffer lack of trade
Countries may have borrowed money and now cant pay money off as HICS add interest

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10
Q

Effect on development social example

A

Access to safe water

Education

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11
Q

Effect on development social explain

A

No access to safe water then drink contaminated water. Can’t work no money to develop which prevents development

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12
Q

Effect on development political example

A

Stable government

Civil war

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13
Q

Effect on development political explain

A

Destroying things so will be expensive to rebuild so can’t progress

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14
Q

GNI

A

Total value of goods and services earned from and paid to other countries

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15
Q

HICs example

A

America, Australia, UK

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16
Q

NEE example

A

Brazil, Russia, China

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17
Q

LICS examples

A

Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Botswana

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18
Q

HDI

A

Links wealth the health and education. It aims to show how people are benefitting from a countries economic growth

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19
Q

Different development indicators

A

Birth rate, death rate, life expectancy, infant mortality, literacy rate, access to safe water

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20
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of live births per thousand of population per year

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21
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths per thousand per year

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22
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average period that a period may expect to live

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23
Q

Infant mortality

A

The death of children under the age of 1

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24
Q

Literacy rate

A

The percentage of people who can read and write

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25
Q

Accèss to safe water

A

By nature of through intervention water is protected from contamination

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26
Q

Why is death rate not a good indicator of development

A

UK has high death rate, the baby boomers are now elderly, we have an elderly population

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27
Q

Why is infant mortality a good measure of development

A

High- infections and illnesses, lack of food, poor sanitation, no healthcare
Low- good healthcare, low diseases, good sanitation

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28
Q

Why is literacy rate a good measure of development

A

In a LIC more children work rather than go to school

Tells us how good education is, how much money the government invests, how many people read and write

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29
Q

Stage 1 DTM

A

Rainforest tribes
Birth rate high and fluctuating as many children are needed for farming, lack of medical care, lack of contraception, lack of family planning
Death rate high, poor food supply and water could be contaminated
Population low

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30
Q

Stage 2 DTM

A

Afghanistan
Birth rate high as many children needed for farming, many children die at an early age due to lack of medical care, lack of contraception, no family planning
Death rate rapidly decreasing due to improvements in water supply, improvements in medical care, reliable food supply
Population rapidly increasing

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31
Q

Stage 3 DTM

A

Brazil
Birth rate rapidly decreasing as people plan for families, better healthcare, fewer children needed for farming
Death rate slowly decreasing due to improvements in water supply, improvements in medical care, reliable food supply
Population slowly increasing

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32
Q

Stage 4 DTM

A

USA
Birth rate low due to late marriages and good healthcare
Death rate low due to good healthcare with advanced medicines and technology
Population high

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33
Q

Stage 5 DTM

A

Germany
Birth rate slowly decreasing due to late marriages and good healthcare
Death rate increasing slowly due to good healthcare with advanced medicines and technology
Population slowly decreasing and birth rate falling under death rate

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34
Q

Wide base on population pyramid

A

Lots of young people and suggests a high birth rate

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35
Q

Narrow base population pyramid

A

Smaller proportion of young people suggesting a low birth rate

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36
Q

Wide middle tall pyramid population pyramid

A

Ageing population, long life expectancy like the UK

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37
Q

UK states population pyramid

A

Increasing proportion of population over 65
2005 16% of UK were over 65
Fastest growing age group is 85+
Women tend to live longer than men but the gap is reducing

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38
Q

Causes of uneven development physical

A

Land locked countries in Africa can’t trade
Extreme weather such as cyclones droughts and floods often hits tropical regions such as Africa
Lack of safe water can also cause more diseases and deaths
Tropical areas have more climate related diseases and pests than colder parts of the world eg mosquitoes can spread malaria

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39
Q

Causes of uneven development economic

A

North America and europe dominate world trade
If a country has no access to sea they can’t trade
Hics want to pay as low as possible for raw materials from lics
More supply of raw material than demand so costs are low
Processing which adds value takes place in rich countries
Rich get richer
Poor get poorer

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40
Q

Causes of uneven development historical

A

Colonialism- from 1400 european explorers set out to contrôle new territories often seeking material wealth such as gold
1650-1900 over 10 million people transported from Africa to North America to work as slaves
By the end of the 19th Century Africa had been divided between countries in Europe
Since 1950 former european colonies have gained independence
This makes it difficult and results in civil wars and struggles for power

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41
Q

Global imbalance

A

Some countries particularly in Africa have lower levels of development and a poorer quality of life

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42
Q

Imbalance within countries

A

Areas of poverty can also be found in the UK and great wealth in some of the poorest countries

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43
Q

Disparities

A

Big difference

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44
Q

Uneven development

A

Disparities between wealth and health

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45
Q

Wealth rich vs poor

A

Rich: process raw materials which increases the value. North America had fastest growing wealth in 2014
Poor: Africa share 1% of global wealth. Export raw materials and keep prices low due to competition

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46
Q

Health rich vs poor

A

Rich: People die at a later age 7/10 deaths are aged 70+. These countries invest a lot of money into healthcare
Poor: infectious diseases are the main cause of death hiv/aids. Countries unable to invest in good quality healthcare

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47
Q

Migration

A

Movement of people from one place to another

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48
Q

Immigrant

A

Someone entering a new country with the intention of living there

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49
Q

Emigrant

A

Someone leaving their country to move to another country

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50
Q

Refugee

A

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution or a natural disaster

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51
Q

Push factors examples

A 
Natural disasters
Persecution
Low income
High unemployment 
Difficult climate
Housing shortages
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52
Q

Pull factors examples

A 
High standard of living 
Job prospects
Improved housing 
High wages
Educational opportunities 
Good healthcare
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53
Q

Impacts of migration host country

A

P- migrants contribute to tax which will benefit the government, mixing cultures is positive
N- schools that take lots of immigrants can be under pressure especially if they don’t speak English, property prices rise as the demand is higher, money leaves host country so it’s not spent in local businesses

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54
Q

Host country

A

Where people move to

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55
Q

Country of origin

A

Where people move from

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56
Q

Impacts of migration on the country of origin

A

P- migrant workers sent money back to their country which will benefit their economy
N- loses labour and skills, less people paying taxes

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57
Q

Strategies to reduce development aid

A

Country or organisation gives resources to another country to improve people’s lives
Example money, emergency supplies, food, skills (people who have certain skills eg doctor)

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58
Q

Strategies to reduce development foreign investment

A

Companies or countries spend money in another country to try and increase their profits
Building new roads for transport to new factories. New electricity dams, ports for transporting goods

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59
Q

Cycle that I need to use

A

Investment to new industries to jobs to more tax to improve health schools infrastructure to start

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60
Q

Strategies to reduce development micro finance loans

A

Small scale loan from banks especially to help the poor
In Bangladesh a bank called Grameen bank lends $100 loans with low interest, it has 7 million members. Village women will buy a phone to rent to other villagers. Loan can be repaid and borrower makes a small profit

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61
Q

Strategies to reduce development industrial development

A

Growing an industry to develop new ways for the country to make money
Nigerias manufacturing industry growing faster than any other area as these people are employed and paying tax to the government

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62
Q

Strategies to reduce development intermediate technology

A

This is technology that is appropriate to the needs skills knowledge and wealth of local people
Usually small scale projects often associated with agriculture water or health
These involve local communities and can make a real difference to the quality of people’s lives

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63
Q

Strategies to reduce development debt relief

A

Many poor countries borrowed money to invest in factories roads and water supplies
But low prices for their goods meant that couldn’t pay back their loans
39 highly indebted poor countries had some debt cancelled. Helped improved their quality of life

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64
Q

Strategies to reduce development fair trade

A

This helps to ensure that farmers in poor countries get a fair deal
Farmer gets all the money from the sale of his crop, it guarantees the farmer a fair price
Farmers who are lucky enough to be part of the fair trade programme are able to pay for tithings like their children’s school fees

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65
Q

Strategies to reduce development tourism

A

Countries with places of interest have become tourist destinations, this has led to investment and increased income from abroad
Jamaica a poor country in the Caribbean attracts lots of tourists because of their beautiful beaches this means more money is spent in small businesses eg shops and cafes

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66
Q

Where is Jamaica

A

North America
Caribbean islands
Capital= Kingston
Surrounded by Caribbean Sea

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67
Q

Jamaica’s economy

A

2.7 million population

Types of industry: minerals eg oil, agricultural products eg sugar and rum and some manufacturing

68
Q

How has tourism contributed to Jamaica’s development economy

A

2014 tourism contributed 24% of Jamaica’s gdp
Income from tourism is $2 billion each year
Taxes paid to the government contribute further

69
Q

How has tourism contributed to Jamaica’s development infrastructure

A

New port and cruise facilités have been built
Hotel accommodations built
Improvements in road and airports made slower

70
Q

How has tourism contributed to Jamaica’s development environment

A

New water treatment plant had reduced pollution from hotels

Sustainable tourism expanding more in isolated region with people running small scale guest houses

71
Q

How has tourism contributed to Jamaica’s development quality of life

A

In northern area wealthy Jamaicans love in high quality housing with high standards of living
Large number of people live in poor housing with limited food supply and healthcare

72
Q

How has tourism contributed to Jamaica’s development employment

A

Tourism is main source of employment
200,000 people are employed directly in hotels transport and tourist attractions
Indirectly in shops manufacturing

73
Q

Mass tourism

A

Organised tourism with large numbers of people al going to the same place at the same time

74
Q

Montego Bay

A

Water sports

75
Q

Disadvantage of tourism

A

Higher payed jobs go to foreigners who speak other languages
Jamaica relies on it

76
Q

Nigeria location

A 
Central Western Africa 
Niger to the north 
Cameroon to the east 
Benin to the west 
Atlantic Ocean to the south
77
Q

Nigeria regional importance

A 
2014 highest gdp in Africa
19 million cattle
70% of population employed in agricultural jobs
Population of 182+ million
3rd largest manufacturing sector
78
Q

Nigeria global importance

A

21st largest economy
12th largest oil producer
2.7% of the worlds oil
5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping around the world

79
Q

Nigeria cultural context

A

Nollywood cinema is the second largest film industry in the world
Nigerian football team has won African cup of nations 3times

80
Q

Nigeria’s political context

A

Nigeria became fully independent from the UK in 1960 however bitter battle struggles resulted in a number of dictatorship and civil wars
Lack of political stability led to worldwide corruption
Since 1999 the country has had a stable government

81
Q

Nigeria social context

A

Christianity and Islam and traditional African religions are practiced widely which is a reason for conflict
Several countries are starting to invest in Nigeria eg China is making investments in construction

82
Q

Environmental context Nigeria

A

Southern Nigeria has a high temperature and rainfall

Northern Nigeria is semi desert with hot temperature and less rainfall

83
Q

Changing economic structure of Nigeria

A

1975
Primary 69
Secondary 10
Tertiary 21

2014
Primary 20
Secondary 27
Tertiary 53

84
Q

Primary

A

Extraction of materials
Low payed
Mining fishing and farming

85
Q

Secondary

A

Manufacturing

Processed foods, textiles, furniture building

86
Q

Tertiary

A

Services
Skilled higher payed require qualifications
Chef doctor hairdresser

87
Q

Political reason why Nigeria’s economy is developing

A

More stable government

88
Q

Environmental why Nigeria’s economy is developing

A

Greater concern for the environment

89
Q

Social why Nigeria’s economy is developing

A

Technology, more English speaking people

90
Q

Economic why Nigeria’s economy is developing

A

Technology, increase in trade, better conditions in other sectors, better pay, more investment

91
Q

How can manufacturing stimulate economic growth

A

A new manufacturer such as shell start refining oil in Nigeria
Local firms provide shell with resources to extract oil
Locals can earn more money from working in shell or local firms
Locals then spend money in shops
Taxes to the government from businesses goes up
Government spends money in infrastructure
Bring in more manufacturing
Start again

92
Q

What does tnc stand for

A

Transnational corporation

93
Q

What is a tnc

A

Large company that operates in several countries eg McDonald’s Apple Coca Cola, usually located in foreign countries to take advantages of tax incentives, cheaper labour, softer environmental laws, wider audience

94
Q

Advantages of TNCs

A 
Companies provide employment
More money spent in economy 
More investment
Local businesses will benefit when supplying resources
Increase in money from exports
95
Q

Disadvantages of TNCs

A

Locals are often poorly paid
Working conditions are often very poor
Management jobs go to foreign employees
Much of the profit will go abroad

96
Q

What is shell oil

A

One of the worlds largest oil discovered in 1958 very controversial
Nigeria 8th largest oil producer 20,000 foreign oilworkers
hundred kidnapped by pirates annually
Nigeria imports 75% common commodities

97
Q

Benefits of Shell Oil

A

$22 billion of oil in 2008 monthly
Provided direct employment for 65,000 workers
91% of shell contracts to Nigerian companies

98
Q

Costs of Shell Oil

A

Movement for the emancipation of the Niger Delta MEND:
Hold Westerners hostage for publicity
100 kidnappings per year in the region
White people assume to be loyal workers can be kidnapped
Oil polluted water which killed wildlife people can steal oil from oil wells area being deserted so company has to come clean long-term environment affect criminality and piracy can occur $15 billion of oil been stolen in a year-bunkered
£400 billion of oil lost since oil was discovered

99
Q

What is Aid

A

Assisting people

100
Q

Who gives aid

A

Charities and government and the UN

101
Q

How much of Nigeria’s GNI in aid is from the UK

A

0.7%

102
Q

Types of aid

A

Emergency and developmental

103
Q

Emergency aid description

A

Following a natural disaster or conflict refugees short-term they may need water food medical supplies sanitation shelter blankets and clothes

104
Q

Developmental aid description

A

This is long-term support aims to improve quality of life they may need education infrastructure healthcare and water

105
Q

How does aid benefit Nigeria

A

World Bank funded $500 million dollars for long-term loans to businesses help to reduce oil dependence aid from the UK in the USA help educate people from HIV spread which reduces the death rate the NGO Ness for life provide education on malaria prevention and gives anti-mosquito net to many household which reduces the death rate

106
Q

What prevents aid from being used effectively

A

Donors may have political influence over what happens to aid may corrupt government and keep money government may spread money for other purposes for example building up the Navy call which causes unnecessary damage so more refugee money is required corruption in the government dishonest behaviour from those in power typically involving bribery

107
Q

What does economic growth involve

A

More factories increase in employment more tax paid to the government increase in services investment from companies less farming

108
Q

Industrial development in Nigeria

A

5000 regulated factories 70 to 80% of forest I just tried to build large factories some industries dispose of chemical waste on nearby land threatening ground water quality 10,000 small scale factory is unregistered and regulated industry growth

109
Q

Nigerian urban growth

A

Squatter settlements a common waste disposal is a big issue because there is a sewerage greenbelt converted building site traffic congestion is a major problem leading to high levels of exhaust emissions ruble to urban migration urban areas rapidly grow

110
Q

Nigerian mining and oil extraction

A

Oil spills impact water supplies and kills wildlife in the area for precious metals fires can because which sense CO2 and other harmful gases in the atmosphere some economic development of cause conflict with local people fast increase of more raw materials

111
Q

Has economic development improve quality of life life expectancy

A

1990 46

2013 52

112
Q

Has economic development improve quality of life Mortality rate

A

1990 213

2013 117

113
Q

quaternary sector

A

high skilled information-based services eg surgeon, scientific researchers, engineers

114
Q

de-industrialisation

A

the decline in manufacturing and the growth in the tertiary and quaternary employment

115
Q

what were the traditional UK industries

A

coal mining and manufacturing

116
Q

main reasons for decline in industry

A

lack of investment, high labour costs and outdated machinery

117
Q

globalisation

A

the growth and spread of ideas around the world

118
Q

why has globalisation contributed to the change in the UK economy

A

by the growth of the quarternary sector, many people working on global brands and products boosted world trade and enabled more imported products

119
Q

why has globalisation dramatically increased in recent years

A

development in transport, communications and the internet

120
Q

why does the internet make globalisation simpler

A

easy to communicate, broadband continually improving

121
Q

the biggest change between 1945-79 and 1979-2010

A

privatising state-run industries

122
Q

how did people react to declining UK industries

A

people started strikes, social unrest, factory closures and power cuts

123
Q

advantage of privatisation

A

modernising new financial centres

124
Q

privatisation

A

state-run industries sold off to private shareholders

125
Q

disadvantage of privatisation

A

industries shut down and jobs lost

126
Q

how is the UK trying to balance the economy

A

by rebuilding the manufacturing sectors, investments in manufacturing improvements to infrastructure and encouragement of global firms to locate within the UK

127
Q

why is the UK government trying to rebuild the manufacturing sector

A

increase exports=increase income

128
Q

what is predicted to happen to employment in the future in the UK

A

employment in the primary sector will remain low and slowly and slightly decreasing. Quaternary employment will continue to rise as will tertiary. However secondary will also slightly decrease. This is because quaternary high skilled information jobs such as surgeons and scientific researchers as the UK have a better education to achieve these jobs

129
Q

how the UK is moving towards a post-industrial economy development of IT

A

computers allow large amounts of data to be stored and accessed quickly, many people can access the internet using smartphone and tablets and technology continues to develop a high-speed broadband

130
Q

how the UK is moving towards a post-industrial economy research

A

this is mainly done in British universities and by private companies, organisations involved in the research include pharmaceutical companies, BBC, charities and environmental agency, this is party of the quaternary sector and requires highly qualified people

131
Q

how the UK is moving towards a post-industrial economy service and finance

A

this can include a range of job types eg healthcare, IT support and entertainment, the UK can export services through tourism people from other countries travel to the UK for these services when generates money, finance is also an important part of the service sector this includes banking and insurance

132
Q

changing rural landscapes in the UK area of growth

A

South Cambridgeshire

133
Q

changing rural landscapes in the UK area of growth describe the graph

A

2001- 130,000 people
2016-155,000 people
25,000 population increase

134
Q

changing rural landscapes in the UK area of growth reasons for the graph

A

high migration from the UK and Eastern Europe
high level of employment
high tech industries and engineering

135
Q

changing rural landscapes in the UK area of growth social effects

A

increase in the traffic on narrow country roads

136
Q

changing rural landscapes in the UK area of growth economic effects

A

the area has high petrol prices due to high demand

increase in house prices due to demand

137
Q

changing rural landscapes in the UK area of decline

A

Outer hebrides- Northwest Scotland

138
Q

changing rural landscapes in the UK area of decline describe the graph

A

population decrease mainly aged 30-44

population increase mainly aged 45-74

139
Q

changing rural landscapes in the UK area of decline reasons for the population decline

A

limited opportunities for young people
lack jobs
younger people decided to move away

140
Q

changing rural landscapes in the UK area of decline social effects

A

schoolchildren expected to fall leading to the closure of schools
modern development on the edge of villages can lead down to a breakdown of community spirit

141
Q

UK changing infrastructure road

A

coast road (Silverlink) Highway, Newcastle

142
Q

UK changing infrastructure road why

A

the junction suffered peak time congestion with delays of over 4 minutes per vehicle, the accident rate at this junction was higher than the national rate

143
Q

UK changing infrastructure road aims

A

reduce congestion, increase capacity, improve journey times, improve road safety

144
Q

UK changing infrastructure road changes

A

triple decker roundabout, wider roads, cycle and pedestrian paths

145
Q

UK changing infrastructure road advantages

A

easier, quicker, cheaper, safer for cyclists and pedestrians, reduce journey times

146
Q

UK changing infrastructure road disadvantages

A

traffic whilst going on, increase CO2, £75 million, delays for 3 years along coast road increasing

147
Q

UK changing infrastructure rail

A

High speed 2

148
Q

UK changing infrastructure rail aims

A

New railway line link major cities in the UK carrying 400 m long trains with as many as 1100 seats per train
Operation speeds of up to 250 mph- faster than any current operating speed on Europe and wild run as often as 14 times per hour in each direction
High speed rail to connect London Birmingham and then to Leeds Sheffield and Manchester

149
Q

UK changing infrastructure rail advantages

A

Shorter travel time encourages people to use public transport quality of life by visiting family holds more passengers

150
Q

UK changing infrastructure rail disadvantages

A

£55.7 billion to build trains built in countryside impact on Greenland expensive

151
Q

UK changing infrastructure rail improvement to the economy

A

shorter journey times more efficient links with the capital city creation of many jobs in the quarter nary sector attract investment to other areas of the UK

152
Q

UK changing infrastructure road improvement in the economy

A

Shorten journey times reduce transport costs easy access to the Tyne Tunnel to other areas of the north-east creation of many jobs

153
Q

UK change infrastructure port

A

Liverpool 2

154
Q

UK changing infrastructure port aims

A

A new container terminal is being constructed at the Port of Liverpool this will more than double the port capacity to over 1.5 million containers a year
Expand terminal biggest ship to shore cranes

155
Q

UK changing infrastructure port advantages

A

Trading equals more income boost economy reduce lorries on the road compete with other places in the UK

156
Q

UK changing infrastructure port disadvantages

A

Traffic migrants delay shortage of truck drivers have to reclaim land from the sea take jobs away from other areas expensive cost of 400 million

157
Q

UK in changing infrastructure port improvement in the economy

A

Creation of jobs handle global supply routes direction bank gateway for UK importers and exporters

158
Q

UK change infrastructure air

A

London airports

159
Q

UK changing infrastructure air recommendation

A

New runway at Heathrow increasing length of existing runway at Heathrow constructing a new runway at Gatwick

160
Q

UK changing infrastructure air reasons why

A

Airports are very important to the economy of the UK creating vital global links Heathrow is one of the worlds major airports in 2014 it handled over 73 million passengers over 76,000 people work at Heathrow and the airport support many local businesses

161
Q

UK change infrastructure air advantages

A

Investment
less delays
enable to deal with 130 million passengers the airport needs to accommodate by 2035

162
Q

UK changing infrastructure air disadvantages

A

£14 billion very expensive noise from planes months/years of delays on M25 district villages cancellations

163
Q

UK changing infrastructure air improvement in the economy

A

Global links provide jobs increase amount of planes arriving and departing

164
Q

Why are their regional differences

A

More industry in the north such as coal mining ship building and steel rule to urban migration cities grew/urbanised industry is close down more unemployment alternate energy sources have reduced importance of coal mines it is cheaper to get products from abroad so we don’t need to pay workers as much post industry area developed quickly due to fast-growing service sector London being a capital is a major Finance Centre for service and finance IT development research mainly tertiary and quarter nary increase

165
Q

Strategies to reduce differences

A

Financial support from the UK government and the EU to support new businesses phone investment has been encouraged in the north transport improvements example high-speed and Liverpool to local enterprise partnerships are voluntary links between local governments and businesses the aim is to identify business needs and encourage companies to invest enterprise zones areas where businesses are in Kaisha set up the government will encourage businesses by ensuring superfast broadband giving money for machinery or allowing planning regulations to go through quicker

166
Q

Explain the advantages of the location of the business Park or science parks

A

Science Park such as Southampton science Park are located in central business district this allows direct transport to city centres to access these places bus routes have been situated to tailor the demand of the location by the central location universe is often close which benefit the science Park because people who are studying can also use the park as well as businesses to provide breaks at a Starbucks/costa is part of a large in size therefore easily accessible

Geography:Paper 2 (2 decks)

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