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Biology MCAT practice mistakes > Section test 1 > Flashcards

Section test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Body thinks self is foreign.

Antigen=what the abnormal antibody being produced is attacking (what body thinks is foreign)

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2
Q

Substrate

A

Substance that is acted upon by another compound, typically an enzyme.

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3
Q

Parts of an Inducible operon

Negative vs Positive control

A

Inducer, Repressor, Operator, Promoter, Structural genes, co-repressor, activator protein

Positive=activator protein
Negative=repressor

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4
Q

Parts of an Repressible operon

Attenuation

A

Regulatory molecule

Loops

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5
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

Mimics another substance which causes a reaction instead of inhibiting it

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6
Q

Missense mutation

A

Mutation causes change in one codon

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7
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system

A

In response to low BP.

Angiotensinogen secreted by liver.
Renin secreted by kidney and converts angiotensiogen to Ang I.
ACE converts Ang I to Ang II
Ang II=increase symp., tubular reabsorption, increase ADH and aldosterone.

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8
Q

Altitude and its effects on PO2 and PCO2

A

Increased elevation=decrease in PO2 and PCO2

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9
Q

Germ Layers

A

Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Endoderm

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10
Q

Sympathetic stimulation

A 
Eye=dilates pupil
Heart=increase HR and contractile force
Lungs=dilate bronchioles (via adrenaline)
Bld vessels=dilate skeletal; constrict in GI
Sweat Glands=increase sweat secretion
Digestive=decrease peristalsis
Kidney=increase renin
Penis=flaccid
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11
Q

Cerebellum

A

Located in Hindbrain
Responsible for muscular coordination
Ex. Hand-eye coordination, posture, balance

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12
Q

Hindbrain

A

Sensory and motor control

Contains cerebellum, pons and medulla

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13
Q

Pons

A

Hindbrain.
Sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation.

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14
Q

Medulla

A

Hindbrain.

Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure (involuntary)

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15
Q

Cerebrum

A

Located in forebrain.
Right and left hemispheres.
4 Lobes=frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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16
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Cerebrum (forebrain)

Sensation

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17
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Cerebrum (forebrain)

Hearing, memory, language, speech

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18
Q

Occipital lobe

A

cerebrum (forebrain)

Vision

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19
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Cerebrum (forebrain)

personality, speech, motor control

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20
Q

Aldosterone

A

Produced by adrenal cortex.
Steroid.
Increase ion and water reabsorption.

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21
Q

ADH/vasopressin

A

Released by posterior pituitary.

Increase water reabsorption (& constrict bld vessels).

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22
Q

Isoenzymes

A

Enzymes that differ in structure but have the same function

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23
Q

Thyrotropin

A

Released from hypothalamus.

Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine.

24
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

Secreted by thyroid.

Metabolism regulation.

25
Q

Oxytocin

A

Made by hypothalamus and released by anterior pituitary

Uterine contraction and contraction for milk flow

26
Q

Calcitonin

A

Bone formation and lowers bld calcium

Produced by thyroid

27
Q

Lipid Digestion

A

Mouth=lipases

Gallbladder=stores and releases bile to intestine.

28
Q

Protein Digestion

A

By small intestine and stomach.

Stomach=HCl and pepsin

Small intestine=in duodenum; enzymes from pancreas trypsin and chymotrypsin

29
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A

Mouth=enzyme amylase
Small intestine=pancreatic enzyme amylase
Large intestine=takes care of anything left

30
Q

Nucleic acid digestion

A

In small intestine by pancreatic enzymes

31
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

Enzymes that breaks down ACh.

32
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Causes depolarization of postsynaptic neurons

33
Q

Muscle contraction

A

Stimulus causes release of Ca2+ in sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers.
Ca2+ binds to troponin to move tropomyosin and expose myosin binding sites on actin.
ATP hydrolyzed (removed) so myosin has affinity for actin.

34
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Results in premature stop codon

35
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Deletion of non-three multiples of nucleotides

36
Q

Autosomal dominant disease

A

Only need one bad copy of gene to get disease.

Ex. AA or Aa

37
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone released by kidneys.

Increases RBC formation.

38
Q

Refractory periods of action potentials

A

Absolute refractory period=closing of Na+ channels.
Another stimulus would cause no action potential

Relative refractory period=when K+ channels open
Strength of stimulus determines action potential size

39
Q

Hormones that control bld glucose

A

Insulin=secreted by pancreas, decreases bld glucose

Glucagon=secreted by pancreas, increases bld glucose

Catecholamines (epi and norepi)=adrenal glands, epi decreases and norepi increases (net increase)

Growth hormone=hypothalamus/ant. pit., increase bld glucose

Corticosteroids=adrenal glands, increase bld glucose

40
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

logical thought, emotions, memory

41
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Controls mvmt of skeletal muscles, respiration

42
Q

Somatic mutation

A

Occurs during mitosis and not caused by parent

43
Q

Germline mutation

A

Meiotic mutation that parent passes to child

44
Q

Schwan Cells

A

Cause myelination of nerve cells.

Unmyelinated portions of nerve called node of Ranvier.

45
Q

RAS protein

A

Causes cell proliferation

46
Q

Gap junctions

A

Intracellular connections that allow molecules to flow freely b/w cells (diffusion)

47
Q

Pepsin

A

Secreted by chief cells of stomach.

Degrades proteins in stomach.

48
Q

Trypsin

A

Secreted by pancreas into duodenum of small intestine.

Degrades proteins.

49
Q

Amylase

A

Secreted by pancreas into duodenum of small intestine.

Degrades carbohydrates

50
Q

Lipase

A

Secreted by pancreas into duodenum of small intestine.

Degrades lipids

51
Q

Cortisol

A

Produced by adrenal cortex (stimulated by ACTH)
Steroid
Maintains homeostasis related to stress (metabolism)

52
Q

ACTH

A

Secreted by hypothalamus (anterior pituitary)

Maintain cortisol levels

53
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Sympathetic activity
Secreted norepi and epi.
Epi=acts on adrenergic receptors
Norepi=used largely for hypotension

54
Q

Epiphyseal plates

A

Cartilage cells separate diaphysis (shaft) and dilated ends of long bones.
Found in children and teens.
Responsible for bone growth.

55
Q

Bone types

A

Long bones: shaped like a rod. eg. arm, leg, finger bones.

Short bones: shaped like a cube. eg. wrist, ankle bones.

Flat bones: bones that are flat. eg. sternum, shoulder blades, ribs, skull.

Irregular bones: complicated shapes. eg. vertebrae, hip.

56
Q

Somatostatin

A

Secreted by stomach, intestine and pancreas.
Decreases gastric emptying (less smooth muscle contractions). Decreases insulin and glucagon.

Secreted by hypothalamus.
Reduces GH, TSH, prolactin and adenylyl cyclase.

Biology MCAT practice mistakes (1 decks)

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