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Biology MCAT practice mistakes > Section test 1 > Flashcards

Section test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Body thinks self is foreign.

Antigen=what the abnormal antibody being produced is attacking (what body thinks is foreign)

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2
Q

Substrate

A

Substance that is acted upon by another compound, typically an enzyme.

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3
Q

Parts of an Inducible operon

Negative vs Positive control

A

Inducer, Repressor, Operator, Promoter, Structural genes, co-repressor, activator protein

Positive=activator protein
Negative=repressor

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4
Q

Parts of an Repressible operon

Attenuation

A

Regulatory molecule

Loops

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5
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

Mimics another substance which causes a reaction instead of inhibiting it

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6
Q

Missense mutation

A

Mutation causes change in one codon

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7
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system

A

In response to low BP.

Angiotensinogen secreted by liver.
Renin secreted by kidney and converts angiotensiogen to Ang I.
ACE converts Ang I to Ang II
Ang II=increase symp., tubular reabsorption, increase ADH and aldosterone.

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8
Q

Altitude and its effects on PO2 and PCO2

A

Increased elevation=decrease in PO2 and PCO2

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9
Q

Germ Layers

A

Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Endoderm

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10
Q

Sympathetic stimulation

A 
Eye=dilates pupil
Heart=increase HR and contractile force
Lungs=dilate bronchioles (via adrenaline)
Bld vessels=dilate skeletal; constrict in GI
Sweat Glands=increase sweat secretion
Digestive=decrease peristalsis
Kidney=increase renin
Penis=flaccid
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11
Q

Cerebellum

A

Located in Hindbrain
Responsible for muscular coordination
Ex. Hand-eye coordination, posture, balance

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12
Q

Hindbrain

A

Sensory and motor control

Contains cerebellum, pons and medulla

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13
Q

Pons

A

Hindbrain.
Sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation.

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14
Q

Medulla

A

Hindbrain.

Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure (involuntary)

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15
Q

Cerebrum

A

Located in forebrain.
Right and left hemispheres.
4 Lobes=frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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16
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Cerebrum (forebrain)

Sensation

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17
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Cerebrum (forebrain)

Hearing, memory, language, speech

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18
Q

Occipital lobe

A

cerebrum (forebrain)

Vision

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19
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Cerebrum (forebrain)

personality, speech, motor control

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20
Q

Aldosterone

A

Produced by adrenal cortex.
Steroid.
Increase ion and water reabsorption.

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21
Q

ADH/vasopressin

A

Released by posterior pituitary.

Increase water reabsorption (& constrict bld vessels).

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22
Q

Isoenzymes

A

Enzymes that differ in structure but have the same function

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23
Q

Thyrotropin

A

Released from hypothalamus.

Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine.

24
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

Secreted by thyroid.

Metabolism regulation.

25
Oxytocin
Made by hypothalamus and released by anterior pituitary | Uterine contraction and contraction for milk flow
26
Calcitonin
Bone formation and lowers bld calcium | Produced by thyroid
27
Lipid Digestion
Mouth=lipases Gallbladder=stores and releases bile to intestine.
28
Protein Digestion
By small intestine and stomach. Stomach=HCl and pepsin Small intestine=in duodenum; enzymes from pancreas trypsin and chymotrypsin
29
Carbohydrate digestion
Mouth=enzyme amylase Small intestine=pancreatic enzyme amylase Large intestine=takes care of anything left
30
Nucleic acid digestion
In small intestine by pancreatic enzymes
31
Acetylcholinesterase
Enzymes that breaks down ACh.
32
Acetylcholine
Causes depolarization of postsynaptic neurons
33
Muscle contraction
Stimulus causes release of Ca2+ in sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers. Ca2+ binds to troponin to move tropomyosin and expose myosin binding sites on actin. ATP hydrolyzed (removed) so myosin has affinity for actin.
34
Nonsense mutation
Results in premature stop codon
35
Frameshift mutation
Deletion of non-three multiples of nucleotides
36
Autosomal dominant disease
Only need one bad copy of gene to get disease. | Ex. AA or Aa
37
Erythropoietin
Hormone released by kidneys. | Increases RBC formation.
38
Refractory periods of action potentials
Absolute refractory period=closing of Na+ channels. Another stimulus would cause no action potential Relative refractory period=when K+ channels open Strength of stimulus determines action potential size
39
Hormones that control bld glucose
Insulin=secreted by pancreas, decreases bld glucose Glucagon=secreted by pancreas, increases bld glucose Catecholamines (epi and norepi)=adrenal glands, epi decreases and norepi increases (net increase) Growth hormone=hypothalamus/ant. pit., increase bld glucose Corticosteroids=adrenal glands, increase bld glucose
40
Cerebral cortex
logical thought, emotions, memory
41
Peripheral Nervous System
Controls mvmt of skeletal muscles, respiration
42
Somatic mutation
Occurs during mitosis and not caused by parent
43
Germline mutation
Meiotic mutation that parent passes to child
44
Schwan Cells
Cause myelination of nerve cells. | Unmyelinated portions of nerve called node of Ranvier.
45
RAS protein
Causes cell proliferation
46
Gap junctions
Intracellular connections that allow molecules to flow freely b/w cells (diffusion)
47
Pepsin
Secreted by chief cells of stomach. | Degrades proteins in stomach.
48
Trypsin
Secreted by pancreas into duodenum of small intestine. | Degrades proteins.
49
Amylase
Secreted by pancreas into duodenum of small intestine. | Degrades carbohydrates
50
Lipase
Secreted by pancreas into duodenum of small intestine. | Degrades lipids
51
Cortisol
Produced by adrenal cortex (stimulated by ACTH) Steroid Maintains homeostasis related to stress (metabolism)
52
ACTH
Secreted by hypothalamus (anterior pituitary) | Maintain cortisol levels
53
Adrenal Medulla
Sympathetic activity Secreted norepi and epi. Epi=acts on adrenergic receptors Norepi=used largely for hypotension
54
Epiphyseal plates
Cartilage cells separate diaphysis (shaft) and dilated ends of long bones. Found in children and teens. Responsible for bone growth.
55
Bone types
Long bones: shaped like a rod. eg. arm, leg, finger bones. Short bones: shaped like a cube. eg. wrist, ankle bones. Flat bones: bones that are flat. eg. sternum, shoulder blades, ribs, skull. Irregular bones: complicated shapes. eg. vertebrae, hip.
56
Somatostatin
Secreted by stomach, intestine and pancreas. Decreases gastric emptying (less smooth muscle contractions). Decreases insulin and glucagon. Secreted by hypothalamus. Reduces GH, TSH, prolactin and adenylyl cyclase.

Biology MCAT practice mistakes (1 decks)

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