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VTNE Prep > Section One - Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Section One - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where are striated muscles located?
a. stomach wall and uterus
b. urinary bladder and intestine
c. ciliary body of the eye
d. heart and skeletal muscles

A

d. heart and skeletal muscles

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2
Q

Systemic circulation is under:
a. high pressure
b. low pressure
c. partial pressure
d. equilibrium

A

a. high pressure

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3
Q

A pregnant mare has what kind of placentation?
a. zonary
b. cotyledonary
c. diffuse
d. discoid

A

c. diffuse

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4
Q

The pressure in the systemic arteries during ventricular contraction is:
a. diastolic blood pressure
b. osmotic pressure
c. systolic blood pressure
d. low pressure

A

c. systolic blood pressure

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5
Q

What hormone contracts the female reproductive tract to help move spermatozoa into the oviducts?
a. estrogen
b. progesterone
c. prolactin
d. oxytocin

A

d. oxytocin

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6
Q

Cardiac muscle is considered a:
a. nonstriated involuntary muscle
b. striated involuntary muscle
c. nonstriated voluntary muscle
d. striated voluntary muscle

A

b. striated involuntary muscle

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7
Q

In what order does the impulse of depolarization travel through the heart?
a. AV node, SA node, bundle of HIS, Purkinje fibers
b. SA node, AV node, bundle of HIS, Purkinje fibers
c. SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers, bundle of HIS
d. AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, bundle of HIS

A

b. SA node, AV node, bundle of HIS, Purkinje fibers

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8
Q

A pregnant queen has what kind of placentation?
a. zonary
b. cotyledonary
c. diffuse
d. discoid

A

a. zonary

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9
Q

The control of colour changes in the pigment cells of reptiles, fish, and amphibians is associated with which hormone?
a. FSH
b. LH
c. MSH
d. TSH

A

c. MSH

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10
Q

The wave on an electrocardiogram that is associated with the atrial wall depolarization is the:
a. PR interval
b. T wave
c. QRS complex
d. P wave

A

d. P wave

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11
Q

The SA node is located in which wall chamber?
a. left atrium
b. left ventricle
c. right atrium
d. right ventricle

A

c. right atrium

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12
Q

The muscular sphincter located between the stomach and the duodenum is the:
a. pylorus
b. cardia
c. chyme
d. rugae

A

a. pylorus

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13
Q

The type of cell responsible for the transmission of impulses through the nervous system is the:
a. Neuroglia
b. Schwann
c. Neuron
d. Oligodendrocyte

A

c. Neuron

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14
Q

Dogs demonstrate what type of estrous cycle?
a. Polyestrous
b. Seasonally polyestrous
c. Diestrous
d. Monoestrous

A

c. Diestrous

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15
Q

What system is anatomically composed of the brain and spinal cord?
a. Central nervous system
b. Peripheral nervous system
c. Parasympathetic nervous system
d. Sympathetic nervous system

A

a. Central nervous system

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16
Q

Functions that an animal does not have to consciously control, such as peristalsis in the intestine, are influenced by the:
a. Somatic nervous system
b. Central nervous system
c. Peripheral nervous system
d. Autonomic nervous system

A

d. Autonomic nervous system

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17
Q

The cranial nerves and the spinal nerves are anatomically part of what system?
a. Central nervous system
b. Peripheral nervous system
c. Parasympathetic nervous system
d. Sympathetic nervous system

A

b. Peripheral nervous system

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18
Q

Sensory nerves are considered:
a. Efferent motor nerves
b. Motor nerves
c. Efferent nerves
d. Afferent nerves

A

d. Afferent nerves

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19
Q

When a stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization, it has reached:
a. Threshold
b. Repolarization
c. Refractory period
d. Action period

A

a. Threshold

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20
Q

What happens within the neuron that allows local anesthetic to be effective?
a. Potassium gates open
b. The charge within the cell becomes positive
c. The charge within the cell becomes negative
d. Sodium channels become blocked

A

d. Sodium channels become blocked

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21
Q

Smooth muscles can be found in the:
a. Heart
b. Stomach
c. Pelvic limb
d. Diaphragm

A

b. Stomach

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22
Q

Which muscle cells have single nuclei?
a. Skeletal and cardiac
b Skeletal and smooth
c. Smooth and cardiac
d. Skeletal only

A

c. Smooth and cardiac

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23
Q

Cattle and swine display what type of estrous cycle?
a. Polyestrous
b. Seasonally polyestrous
c. Diestrous
d. Monoestrous

A

a. Polyestrous

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24
Q

What species is an induced ovulator?
a. Bovine
b. Equine
c. Canine
d. Feline

A

d. Feline

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25
Q

In what stage of the estrous cycle does the corpus luteum develop?
a. Proestrus
b. Estrus
c. Metestrus
d. Diestrous

A

c. Metestrus

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26
Q

Which reaction is the result of sympathetic nervous system stimulation?
a. Decreased heart rate
b. Dilated pupils
c. Increased GI activity
d. Increased salivation

A

b. Dilated pupils

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27
Q

The hormone produced by a developing ovarian follicle is:
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. Prolactin
d. Oxytocin

A

a. Estrogen

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28
Q

To achieve normal pregnancy, the blastocyst attaches to what structure?
a. Endometrium
b. Placenta
c. Oviduct
d. Cervix

A

a. Endometrium

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29
Q

Giving birth is known as:
a. Parturition
b. Gestation
c. Lactation
d. Estrous

A

a. Parturition

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30
Q

From the estrous cycle to parturition, in what order are the following hormones released?
a. Estrogen, oxytocin, progesterone
b. Oxytocin, estrogen, progesterone
c. Estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin
d. Progesterone, estrogen, oxytocin

A

c. Estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin

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31
Q

All of the following are types of chorion attachments except:
a. Diffuse
b. Cotyledonary
c. Zonary
d. Polycyton

A

a. Diffuse

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32
Q

A pregnant bitch has what kind of placentation?
a. Zonary
b. Cotyledonary
c. Diffuse
d. Discoid

A

a. Zonary

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33
Q

The canine uterus is shaped like what letter
a. U
b. Y
c. J
d. V

A

b. Y

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34
Q

How many mammary glands are typically found on a bitch?
a. 8-12
b. 12-14
c. 4-6
d. 10-16

A

a. 8-12

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35
Q

Which reaction is the result of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation?
a. Bronchodilation
b. Pupil dilation
c. Decreased GI motility
d. Decreased heart rate

A

d. Decreased GI motility

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36
Q

The neurotransmitter that is most responsible for the “fight or flight” reaction is:
a. Epinephrine
b. Acetylcholine
c. Dopamine
d. Serotonin

A

a. Epinephrine

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37
Q

In the healthy heart, the heartbeat is initiated by the:
a. SA node
b. Purkinje fibers
c. Vagus nerve
d. AV node

A

a. SA node

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38
Q

On an ECG, the T wave is most closely associated with:
a. Atrial depolarization
b. Atrial repolarization
c. Ventricular depolarization
d. Ventricular repolarization

A

d. Ventricular repolarization

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39
Q

On inspiration, the pressure in the thoracic cavity, as compared with ambient air pressure, is:
a. Negative
b. Positive
c. Same as the ambient air pressure
d. Fluctuating

A

a. Negative

40
Q

In the healthy awake cat, the primary stimulus within blood for respiration is:
a. Increased CO2
b. Decreased CO2
c. Increased lactic acid
d. Increased K+

A

a. Increased CO2

41
Q

An increased packed cell volume could be indicative of:
a. Liver diseased
b. Anemia
c. Leukocytosis
d. Dehydration

A

d. Dehydration

42
Q

Apnea will cause:
a. Metabolic acidosis
b. Metabolic alkalosis
c. Respiratory acidosis
d. Respiratory alkalosis

A

c. Respiratory acidosis

43
Q

Which of the following nutrients can be used for gluconeogenesis?
a. Long-chain fatty acids
b. Amino acids
c. Vitamin C
d. Iron

A

b. Amino acids

44
Q

Cataracts result from a problem with the transparency of the:
a. Cornea
b. Vitreous humor
c. Lens
d. Aqueous humor

A

c. Lens

45
Q

Within the eye, the choroid is located between which two structures?
a. Sclera and retina
b. Iris and pupil
c. Lens and cornea
d. Optic nerve and fovea centralis

A

a. Sclera and retina

46
Q

Which of the following is considered to be a category of lipids?
a. Neutral fats
b. Steroids
c. Phospholipids
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

47
Q

Which of the following processes is not a function of insulin?
a. Increased glucose transport into muscle
b. Lipogenesis
c. Fatty acid synthesis
d. Increased blood pressure

A

d. Increased blood pressure

48
Q

Which endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets produce the hormone glucagon?
a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Delta cells
d. Somatostatin

A

a. Alpha cells

49
Q

Long-term use of glucocorticoids will:
a. Increase lymphocyte production
b. Increase plasma protein cells
c. Suppress the immune system
d. Decrease blood glucose levels

A

c. Suppress the immune system

50
Q

Nociceptors are important for directing:
a. Color
b. Warmth
c. Lactic acid
d. Pain

A

d. Pain

51
Q

The sensation of hunger falls under which general sense?
a. Tactile sensation
b. Pain sensation
c. Proprioception
d. Visceral sensation

A

d. Visceral sensation

52
Q

The vagus nerve is cranial nerve _____:
a. X
b. XII
c. V
d. VI

A

a. X

53
Q

The cranial nerves originate from the:
a. Cerebellum
b. Spinal cord
c. Brainstem
d. Cerebrum

A

C. Brainstem

54
Q

Glaucoma is:
a. Decreased pressure in the posterior chamber of the eye
b. Increased pressure in the posterior chamber of the eye
c. Increased pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye
d. Decreased pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye

A

c. Increased pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye

55
Q

Aqueous humor is formed in which chamber of the eye?
a. Posterior chamber
b. Anterior chamber
c. Canal of Schlemm
d. Cornea

A

a. Posterior chamber

56
Q

Clients should be cautioned against sticking Q-tips in the ears of their pets because they could rupture the:
a. Oval window
b. Round window
c. Cochlea
d. Tympanic membrane

A

d. Tympanic membrane

57
Q

Which condition would be typical of hypothyroidism?
a. Decreased water consumption
b. Oily hair coat
c. Very active
d. Weight gain

A

d. Weight gain

58
Q

In dairy cattle, the teats and udder are gently washed before milking to stimulate the release of one of the following, to stimulate milk letdown:
a. Adrenalin
b. Norepinephrine
c. Dopamine
d. Oxytocin

A

d. Oxytocin

59
Q

Which hormone helps to trigger and maintain lactation?
a. FSH
b. Prolactin
c. LH
d. TSH

A

b. Prolactin

60
Q

Lymph nodes that are found medial to the caudal part of the jaw are the:
a. Popliteal nodes
b. Inguinal nodes
c. Mandibular nodes
d. Prescapular nodes

A

c. Mandibular nodes

61
Q

A pregnant rodent has what kind of placentation?
a. Zonary
b. Cotyledonary
c. Diffuse
d. Discoid

A

d. Discoid

62
Q

The neuohypophysis is an anatomic section of which of the following?
a. Hypothalamus
b. Adrenal gland
c. Pancreas

A

a. Hypothalamus

63
Q

The portal vein:
a. Carries blood from the spleen to the heart
b. Delivers blood to the liver
c. Delivers blood to the kidney
d. Carries blood from the lungs to the heart

A

b. Delivers blood to the liver

64
Q

To proceed from a point between the eyes to the tip of a dog’s nose, you would move:
a. Rostrally
b. Cranially
c. Caudally
d. Laterally

A

a. Rostrally

65
Q

Typically, what percentage of an animals body weight consists of blood?
a. 0.1%
b. 1%
c. 8%
d. 30%

A

c. 8%

66
Q

A dog that weighs 10kg would have approximately how much blood?
a. 50 ml
b. 800 ml.
c. 1.5 L
d. 2 L

A

b. 800 ml

67
Q

Which of the following dissections could be made without cutting through a bone-to-bone joint?
a. Forelimb of the body
b. Hind limb of the body
c. Head from the neck
d. Tail from the body

A

a. Forelimb of the body

68
Q

If you were to grasp your hands behind your head at the base of your skull, your hands would be over which bone of the skull?
a. Occipital
b. Frontal
c. Temporal
d. Parietal

A

a. Occipital

69
Q

The glucose absorbed from the GI tract may be stored in the liver as glycogen through a process known as?
a. Glycogenesis
b. Gluconeogenesis
c. Glycogenolysis
d. Fatty acid synthesis

A

a. Glycogenesis

70
Q

The process of voice production usually begins in which location?
a. Pharynx
b. Larynx
c. Thorax
d. Trachea

A

b. Larynx

71
Q

Essential nutrients can be divided into how many categories?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 6
d. 10

A

c. 6

72
Q

Efferent nerves carry nerve impulses:
a. To the body from the central nervous system
b. To the body from the spinal cord
c. From the body to the central nervous system
d. From one part of a limb to another part of the same limb

A

c. From the body to the central nervous system

73
Q

The name for the bile acid-lipid units that carry fat within the gut is:
a. LPL
b. Micelles
c. VLDL
d. Chylomicrons

A

b. Micelles

74
Q

Which type of RNA copies the information in the DNA?
a. Messenger RNA
b. Ribosomal RNA
c. Copy RNA
d. Transfer RNA

A

d. Transfer RNA

75
Q

Bile acids are important in the digestion of:
a. Carbohydrates
b. Electrolytes
c. Fats
d. Proteins

A

c. Fats

76
Q

Which of the following lowers blood glucose?
a. Insulin
b. Glucagon
c. Epinephrine
d. Glucocorticoids

A

a. Insulin

77
Q

Which system is considered to be the largest and most extensive system in the body?
a. Integument
b. Cardiovascular
c. Digestive
d. Central nervous system

A

a. Integument

78
Q

Different nitrogen bases are found in both DNA and RNA nucleotides. Which nucleotide is only found in DNA?
a. Adenine (A)
b. Cytosine (C)
c. Guanine (G)
d. Thymine (T)

A

d. Thymine (T)

79
Q

The P wave component of a QRS complex usually corresponds to:
a. Atrial contraction
b. Ventricular contraction
c. Atrial relaxation
d. Electrical conduction in Purkinje Fibers

A

a. Atrial contraction

80
Q

The islets of Langerhans are found in the:
a. Spleen
b. Pancreas
c. Liver
d. Kidney

A

b. Pancreas

81
Q

Which of the following is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
a. Nephron
b. Calyces
c. Hilus
d. Medulla

A

a. Nephron

82
Q

The kidneys are located in which cavity?
a. Peritoneal cavity
b. Pelvic cavity
c. Retroperitoneal cavity
d. Abdominal cavity

A

c. Retroperitoneal cavity

83
Q

Which circulatory system is under the highest pressure?
a. Pulmonary
b. Coronary
c. Systemic
d. Capillaries

A

c. Systemic

84
Q

Fat in the lymph would most likely be associated with:
a. Micelles
b. Chylomicrons
c. VLDL cholesterol
d. LDL cholesterol

A

b. Chylomicrons

85
Q

The mesovarium ligament supports which organ?
a. Testicles
b. Ovaries
c. Oviduct
d. Uterus

A

b. Ovaries

86
Q

Milk fever in dairy cows is typically treated with:
a. IV glucose
b. IV calcium
c. Atropine
d. Antibiotics

A

b. IV calcium

87
Q

For an animal that had lost RBCs to a moderate hookworm infection, one would expect to the capillary refill time to be:
a. less than 2 seconds
b. greater than 4 seconds
c. greater than 2 minutes
d. greater than 4 minutes

A

a. less than 2 seconds

88
Q

What is called the “knee” in the forelimb of a horse would be called the ______ in a human.
a. hip joint
b. wrist joint
c. finger joint
d. knee joint

A

b. wrist joint

88
Q

A pulse taken from the inguinal area of a dog would be from the:
a. femoral artery
b. axillary artery
c. popliteal artery
d. saphenous artery

A

a. femoral artery

89
Q

The linea alba on a standing cat is _________ the spinal cord.
a. Ventral
b. dorsal
c. medial
d. contralateral

A

a. ventral

90
Q

Arteries have relatively thick walls, are composed of three layers. Which layer is the outermost layer?
a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica adventitia
c. Tunica media
d. Arteries only have one layer

A

b. Tunica adventitia

91
Q

Yellow mucus membranes would suggest:
a. renal disease
b. hepatic dehydration
c. shock
d. dehydration

A

b. hepatic dehydration

92
Q

A capillary refill time of 2 seconds would suggest which of the following.
a. Shock
b. Anemia
c. A healthy animal
d. Dehydration

A

c. a healthy animal

93
Q

What is the name for the large, flat projection location lateral to the head of the femur?
a. Hip joint
b. Stifle point
c. Tarsal joint
d. Tubercle `

A

b. Stifle joint

94
Q

The femur articulates distally with the tibia, forming the:
a. Hip joint
b. Stifle joint
c. Tarsal joint
d. Shoulder joint

A

b. Stifle joint

95
Q
A
95
Q

What is the term for a part closer to a point of attachment or to the trunk?
a. Distal
b. Lateral
c. Proximal
d. Superficial

A

c. Proximal

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