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Social Science Pentathlon 23-24 > Section IV: The Internet, Social Media, and Mobile Computing > Flashcards

Section IV: The Internet, Social Media, and Mobile Computing Flashcards

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1
Q

What is free software?

A

software with source code that could be inspected, modified, and used by anyone

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2
Q

What did Richard Stallman call his Unix-compatible OS?

A

GNU

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3
Q

What software license did GNU have?

A

a GPL

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4
Q

By the late 1980s, GNU was mostly complete except for which component?

A

the kernel

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5
Q

Where was the Linux kernel invented?

A

Finland

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6
Q

Who invented the Linux?

A

Linus Torvalds

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7
Q

Which OS did Torvalds use as a starting point for his Unix-like OS?

A

the Minix

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8
Q

Who invented Minix?

A

Andrew Tanenbaum

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9
Q

Torvalds began rewriting the Linux kernel to take advantage of what?

A

the features of the Intel 80386 processor

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10
Q

Over time, what happened to the Minix code used for the Linux kernel?

A

it was entirely rewritten

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11
Q

Torvalds released the Linux under which license?

A

the GPL

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12
Q

Which kernel did the GNU use?

A

the Linux

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13
Q

When did the U.S. break up the AT&T government monopoly?

A

1984

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14
Q

What was the result of the AT&T monopoly being broken up?

A

it could now market Unix more aggressively, charging steeper licensing fees

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15
Q

To which company did AT&T sell the Unix rights in 1993?

A

Novell

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16
Q

When was hypertext coined?

A

the 1960s

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17
Q

Who coined the term hypertext?

A

Ted Nelson

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18
Q

Hypertext was inspired by which hypothetical machine?

A

the memex

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19
Q

Who made the memex?

A

Vannevar Bush

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20
Q

In the 70s, Nelson began working on a hypertext system called _______.

A

Xanadu

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21
Q

What company was also working on a hypertext system during the 70s?

A

Apple, it was called HyperCard

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22
Q

What best-selling video game was based on HyperCard?

A

Myst

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23
Q

The World Wide Web is a combination of which 2 technologies?

A

hypertext and the Internet

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24
Q

Apple bundled HyperCard with which computer?

A

the Macintosh

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25
Q

Where was the World Wide Web made?

A

CERN

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26
Q

What is CERN?

A

a physics laboratory located in Switzerland

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27
Q

Who created the World Wide Web?

A

Tim Berners Lee

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28
Q

What does HTML stand for?

A

Hypertext Markup Language

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29
Q

What is HTML used for?

A

embedding links into web pages

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30
Q

What special syntax does HTML code use?

A

Tags

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31
Q

In HTML, what is used to mark the beginning and end of a paragraph?

A

<p>
</p>

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32
Q

In HTML, what is used to mark the end of a paragraph?

A

</p>

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33
Q

What did Lee make to find the location of a document on the World Wide Web?

A

the URL

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34
Q

What is HTTP?

A

a protocol that allows computers to transfer web pages over the Internet

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35
Q

What does HTTP stand for?

A

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

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36
Q

When was the Web created?

A

1990

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37
Q

Why was the Web not useful when it was first made?

A

because there was only one web server

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38
Q

Where was Gopher made?

A

the University of Minnesota

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39
Q

Why did users come to the World Wide Web?

A

because of Internet services

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40
Q

What was the first popular web browser?

A

Mosaic

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41
Q

Who made Mosaic?

A

Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina

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42
Q

Why was Mosaic superior to previous web browsers?

A

because it could display text and images, allowed mouse clicks to make it easier to surf the web, and was compatible with Windows, Macintosh, and Unix

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43
Q

Most graphical web browsers before Mosaic only supported which OS?

A

Unix

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44
Q

Mosaic was a killer app in which decade?

A

the 1990s

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45
Q

Who approached Andreesen and Bina and offered to market and form a business for Mosaic?

A

Jim Clark

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46
Q

What was Jim Clark famous for?

A

founding Silicon Graphics in 1983

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47
Q

When Clark offered to market and form a business for Mosaic, what happened?

A

the University of Illinois intervened and said no because they claimed it was theirs

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48
Q

Anderseen left the University of Illinois and founded which corporation?

A

Netscape Communications Corporation

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49
Q

What new web browser replaced Mosaic?

A

Netscape Navigator

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50
Q

When was Netscape Navigator released?

A

1994

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51
Q

By the end of 1994, how many web servers were online?

A

10,000

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52
Q

At the end of 1995, how many downloads had Netscape Navigator gotten?

A

15 million

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53
Q

What was Netscape’s business model?

A

give away the browser to regular users for free but charge companies a license fee for the browser and the server software

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54
Q

Which Windows computer was the first model to not need a copy of MS-DOS?

A

Windows 95

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55
Q

What was Microsoft’s first web browser called?

A

Internet Explorer

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56
Q

Microsoft licensed the source code for Internet Explorer from which other web browser and company?

A

Mosaic, Spyglass

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57
Q

Why wasn’t Internet Explorer as polished as Netscape?

A

because it was based on old Mosaic code

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58
Q

What were the browser wars?

A

Internet Explorer and Netscape constantly releasing new versions to outdo each other

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59
Q

What part of the browser wars were the designers of the Internet not proud of?

A

its incompatibility, they would display messages that were unique for their web browser

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60
Q

When did Internet Explorer finally catch up to Netscape?

A

1998

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61
Q

What Microsoft computer included Internet Explorer pre-installed for free?

A

Windows 98

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62
Q

How did the fact that Internet Explorer was integrated into Windows 98’s OS benefit Microsoft?

A

it made it so Microsoft didn’t have to pay royalties to Spyglass, it was free so more people came to IE, and it reduced competition from Netscape

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63
Q

What was the resulting product of Netscape releasing its source code?

A

it created Mozilla

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64
Q

What was Mozilla?

A

a web browser, an email client, a web page authoring tool, address book, and calender

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65
Q

Why did Mozilla not gain any market share?

A

because it was slow, bloated, and laggy

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66
Q

In 2004, Mozilla released which other web browser?

A

Firefox

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67
Q

How was Firefox better than Mozilla?

A

it was fast and didn’t have all the extra features that slowed Mozilla down

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68
Q

What were the 2 most successful early search engines?

A

Yahoo and Google

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69
Q

When was Yahoo founded?

A

1993

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70
Q

Who founded Yahoo?

A

Jerry Yand and David Filo

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71
Q

What was Yahoo’s method for a search engine?

A

created a manually curated list of websites they chose

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72
Q

Why was Yahoo’s search engine strategy problematic?

A

there were soon tons of websites and they couldn’t manually input them all

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73
Q

When was Google invented?

A

1997

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74
Q

Who invented Google?

A

Larry Page and Sergey Brin

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75
Q

What are inbound links?

A

a link on a website that links to other web pages

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75
Q

What was Google’s strategy for creating an optimal search engine?

A

they created an algorithm that favored websites with more inbound links

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76
Q

When did Google start placing textual advertisements?

A

2000

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77
Q

What was the dot-com bubble?

A

a huge growth in people trying to strike it rich by creating their own tech companies, funded by wealthy investors

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78
Q

What were dot-coms?

A

tech companies started in the late 90s that grew very fast, but fell just as fast

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79
Q

What caused many dot-coms to fail?

A

when the global economy slowed and investors became more cautious about their money, occurred after the 2000 election and 9/11

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80
Q

Who created Java?

A

James Gosling

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81
Q

When was Java created?

A

1992

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82
Q

What was Java initially called?

A

Oak

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83
Q

What would Java’s compiler translate the programmer’s code into?

A

an intermediary assembly-like language called bytecode

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84
Q

What would bytecode be interpreted by?

A

another program called the Java Virtual machine

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85
Q

What was the goal of Java’s designers in making it?

A

binary compatibility across all computers

86
Q

The first web pages consisted mostly of what?

A

static or non-moving text and images

87
Q

What was Java used for?

A

creating applets

88
Q

What is Java used for today?

A

creating mobile apps for Android devices

89
Q

When was Jobs fired from Apple?

A

1985

90
Q

When Jobs was fired from Apple, what was the name of the company he founded shortly after?

A

NeXT

91
Q

What did the NeXT OS combine?

A

BSD Unix and GUI

92
Q

About how many NeXT machines were sold in total?

A

50,000

93
Q

What slowed NeXT’s adoption?

A

its high price tag

94
Q

By 1996, what was Apple’s share of the computer market?

A

4%

95
Q

What caused Apple’s market share to go down?

A

not developing and renewing MacOS

96
Q

How did Jobs initially rejoin Apple?

A

as a member of the board of directors

97
Q

When did Jobs become CEO again?

A

1997

98
Q

What was Apple’s initial goal of buying NeXT?

A

getting their Unix-based software for MacOS

99
Q

When was the iMac released?

A

1998

100
Q

What does iMac stand for?

A

internet Macintosh

101
Q

How was the iMac different from most computers?

A

it was encased in a turquoise shell, the chassis was round, and it didn’t have a floppy disk drive

102
Q

How many iMacs were sold?

A

800,000

103
Q

Why did the U.S. DOJ sue Microsoft?

A

because they integrated Internet Explorer into the Windows OS

104
Q

What was the first successful portable computer?

A

the Osborne 1

105
Q

What was the first laptop?

A

the GRiD Compass 1101

106
Q

What slowed the adoption of the GRiD Compass 1101?

A

its high price tag and its incompatibility with Unix, CP/M, or MS/DOS

107
Q

How much did the GRiD Compass cost?

A

$8,000

108
Q

Handheld computers with flat video screens appeared in which science fiction film?

A

2001: A Space Odyssey

109
Q

What was the first PDA?

A

the Psion Organizer II

110
Q

When was the Psion Organizer II released?

A

1986

111
Q

Which company made the Newton?

A

Apple

112
Q

When did Apple release the Newton?

A

1993

113
Q

What was the name of the Palm Pilot’s keyboard?

A

graffiti

114
Q

Which company released the BlackBerry?

A

Research in Motion

115
Q

When was the BlackBerry released?

A

1999

116
Q

Which country was Research In Motion based in?

A

Canada

117
Q

What does GPS stand for?

A

Global Positioning Service

118
Q

Which decade did GPSs start appearing on cars?

A

the 1990s

119
Q

What was the first GPS device made?

A

TomTom Go in 2004

120
Q

What was TomTom’s main competitor?

A

Garmin

121
Q

What was the Sony Walkman?

A

a small cassette tape player with headphones

122
Q

Who made the iPod?

A

Apple

123
Q

When was the iPod released?

A

2001

124
Q

Cellphones have a history that stretches back to which century?

A

the early 20th century

125
Q

When did the first commercially available cell phone appear?

A

1983

126
Q

Why did early cell phones get the name “brick”?

A

because of their large and heavy size

127
Q

What was the Handspring Treo considered?

A

an all-in-one PDA because it combined a cell phone with a PDA

128
Q

What was the nickname that emerged for devices that combined a PDA, camera, and cell phone?

A

the smartphone

129
Q

What did users call their BlackBerries?

A

Crackberries

130
Q

Which company produced BlackBerry?

A

Nokia

131
Q

Where was Nokia based?

A

Finland

132
Q

Which OS did Nokia phones use?

A

Symbian

133
Q

Symbian was derived from an OS used by which other company?

A

Psion

134
Q

Who persuaded Jobs to use a touchscreen for the iPhone?

A

Jony Ive

135
Q

Who was Jony Ive?

A

the leader of design at Apple

136
Q

When was the first iPhone released?

A

2007

137
Q

By the end of 2010, how many iPhones had Apple sold?

A

90+ million

138
Q

The Android OS is based on what?

A

Linux

139
Q

When did Microsoft purchase Nokia’s phone division?

A

2014

140
Q

What was one of Apple’s and Android’s strengths?

A

their app stores

141
Q

What did a blog allow users to do?

A

post content without having to manage a server or know HTML

142
Q

Who invented Wikipedia?

A

Ward Cunningham

143
Q

When was Wikipedia invented?

A

1995

144
Q

Wikipedia is an example of what?

A

crowdsourcing

145
Q

What is crowdsourcing?

A

distributing the workload among your audience

146
Q

“wiki” is derived from which Hawaiian word?

A

wikiwiki

147
Q

What does wikiwiki mean?

A

quick

148
Q

What was Cunningham inspired by to make the name Wikipedia?

A

seeing the word on the side of an airport shuttle in Honolulu

149
Q

What were 2 of the first social networking sites to be popular?

A

MySpace and Friendster

150
Q

When were MySpace and Friendster launched?

A

2003

151
Q

Social media is an example of what?

A

the Web 2.0

152
Q

MySpace and Friendster were soon eclipsed by which other social networking site?

A

Facebook

153
Q

Which 2 social websites did Mark Zuckerberg make during his first semester at Harvard?

A

Course Match and Facemash

154
Q

What was Course Match?

A

a site that allowed you to compare course schedules with someone else

155
Q

What was Facemash?

A

a site where people rated others based on their appearances

156
Q

After taking which course did Zuck make Facebook?

A

graph theory

157
Q

What is graph theory?

A

A math model for describing relationships among different things

158
Q

What was the original domain name for Facebook?

A

thefacebook.com

159
Q

When was Facebook released?

A

Feb 2004

160
Q

Unlike his previous projects, what was Facebook considered?

A

a general purpose social network

161
Q

Initially, who did Zuck limit Facebook access to?

A

people with an @harvard.edu email address

162
Q

Why did Zuck limit access to Facebook?

A

to prevent fake profiles and keep his audience relatively small

163
Q

What did Zuck do to gradually gain more of audiences?

A

he gave additional schools access to Facebook one by one

164
Q

When did Zuck move Facebook to California?

A

Summer 2004

165
Q

When did Facebook remove “the” from its name?

A

2005

166
Q

When was the News Feed added to Facebook?

A

2006

167
Q

When was Instagram made available as a smartphone app?

A

2010

168
Q

What was special about Instagram?

A

it was first made as an app and then added to web browsers

169
Q

When did Facebook acquire Instagram?

A

2012

170
Q

What 3 apps are mentioned in the resource guide that use GPS to function?

A

Uber, Lyft, and OpenTable

171
Q

What does OpenTable allow users to do?

A

it allows them to locate and make reservations at nearby restaurants

172
Q

When was the iPad introduced?

A

2010

173
Q

What category of device is an iPad?

A

tablet

174
Q

Who is Moore’s Law named after?

A

Gordon Moore

175
Q

What is Moore’s Law?

A

a law that states that the number of transistors that can fit on a processor will double every 18-24 months

176
Q

When did Moore’s Law start becoming less true?

A

the early 2000s

177
Q

What 2 factors caused Moore’s Law to become less true?

A

tinier transistors started to leak and more powerful chips used more power and created heat, which laptops try to conserve power

178
Q

How did Intel compromise performance without increasing clock speeds?

A

they put multiple processor cores on a single chip so they could share the workload, called multi-core processor

179
Q

What is one of the main reasons timesharing systems failed in the early 70s?

A

because of Moore’s Law

180
Q

As computers got cheaper, the cost for a data center was not the hardware, but which other factor?

A

the salaries of the people maintaining it

181
Q

What current technology is based off of timesharing systems?

A

cloud computing

182
Q

What audience is cloud computing beneficial for?

A

small businesses

183
Q

When did Netflix switch to Amazon’s data center?

A

2016

184
Q

What is one of the key technologies behind cloud computing?

A

virtualization

185
Q

What is virtualization?

A

the ability to run multiple instances of an operating system on a computer to make “separate” computer without changing the computer

186
Q

What mainframe was virtualization used in?

A

the IBM System/370 mainframe

187
Q

Cloud computing gave rise to which other business model?

A

Software as a Service (SaaS)

188
Q

What is SaaS?

A

where users pay a subscription to access software through a web browser

189
Q

What was one of the first examples of SaaS?

A

Salesforce.com

190
Q

What is blockchain made up of?

A

ledgers

191
Q

What is a ledger used for?

A

tracking ownership and the value of things

192
Q

What aspect of blockchain makes it different from traditional ledgers?

A

each entry for the blockchain contains a hash derived from the contents of the previous entry

193
Q

What is a hash?

A

a sequence of bytes

194
Q

What does blockchain technology allow?

A

it allows for complete transparency because changing or modifying an entry will change the integrity of the entire ledger

195
Q

Blockchain is closely related to what technology?

A

bitcoin

196
Q

What is Bitcoin?

A

a digital currency not associated with any government

197
Q

Who invented Bitcoin?

A

Satoshi Nakamoto

198
Q

Who invented blockchain?

A

Satoshi Nakamoto

199
Q

What does NFTs stand for?

A

Non-Fungible Tokens

200
Q

NFTs are an example of which technology?

A

blockchain

201
Q

What does Non-fungible mean in the context of NFTs?

A

non-replaceable or unique

202
Q

How is the ownership of an NFT verified?

A

through the blockchain

203
Q

AI has been an active area of research since when?

A

the 50s

204
Q

Which programming language has been associated with the study of AI?

A

LISP

205
Q

Which figure mentioned earlier in the SS study guide was in the field of AI?

A

Richard Stallman

206
Q

What is machine learning or ML?

A

where algorithms analyze extremely large amounts of data to find patterns, and then apply those patterns to new inputs

207
Q

ML techniques are used in the design of what type of AI?

A

chatbots

208
Q

What is an example of a chatbot mentioned in the SS study guide?

A

ChatGPT

209
Q

When did Elon Musk announce that Tesla is working on intelligent robots?

A

2021

210
Q

In a traditional electronic computer, what is the basic unit?

A

the bit, a 0 or 1

211
Q

What are bits represented by in a traditional electronic computer?

A

high or low voltage

212
Q

What are bits represented by in a quantum computer?

A

the positions of electrons in an atom

Social Science Pentathlon 23-24 (4 decks)

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