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LECOM DSP Biochemistry 2022 > Section I (Chapters 1-3) > Flashcards

Section I (Chapters 1-3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the caloric content of carbohydrates?

A

4

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2
Q

What is the caloric content of fat?

A

9

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3
Q

What is the caloric content of protein?

A

4

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4
Q

What is the caloric content of alcohol?

A

7

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5
Q

What are the three major fuel stores in the body?

A

Fats, glycogen, protein

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6
Q

What is the only fuel store that is not solely a fuel store?

A

Protein

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7
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

The amount of energy required to maintain life and all basic functions within a living person

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8
Q

How to calculate BMR in men? In women?

A

Men: 24 * weight
Women: 21.6 * weight

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9
Q

What is daily energy expenditure?

A

The minimum energy required to support activities along with processing food

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10
Q

What is BMI? How do we calculate it?

A

Determining a person’s weight is within the healthy range
Calculated by multiplying the weight by 70, dividing by the individuals height squared

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11
Q

What are the factors of BMR?

A

Gender, body temperature, environmental temperature, thyroid status, pregnancy and lactation, age, body composition

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12
Q

What are the classifications of BMI?

A

Below 18.5 -> underweight
18.5 - 24.9 -> healthy!
25 -29.9 -> overweight
Values above 30 -> obese

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13
Q

What is the importance of caloric balance?

A

Maintain a healthy balance of macromolecules and energy amount within someone

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14
Q

What essential fatty acids are required?

A

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and other related compounds

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15
Q

What essential amino acids are required?

A

Lysine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, and histidine

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16
Q

What amino acids are elevated in pregnant women and growing individuals?

A

Arginine & histidine

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17
Q

What is phenylketonuria?

A

Congenital condition where an individual cannot convert phenylalanine to tyrosine

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18
Q

What is the importance of vitamins?

A

Most vitamins are used as precursors for coenzymes, complex organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions, and the deficiency symptoms reflect an inability of cells to carry out certain reactions

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19
Q

Where is Vitamin C found?

A

Citrus fruits, potatoes, peppers, broccoli, spinach

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20
Q

Where is Vitamin B12 found?

A

Meat, poultry, fish, whole grain cereals and breads, vegetables, peanuts, walnuts

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21
Q

Where is Vitamin A found?

A

Milk, dark green and leafy vegetables

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22
Q

Where is Vitamin K found?

A

Green vegetables, cabbage family

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23
Q

Where is Vitamin D?

A

Fortified milk, butter, fatty fish

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24
Q

Where is Vitamin E?

A

Vegetable oils, margarine, wheat germ; nuts; green leafy vegetables

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25
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

Vitamin A, K, D, E

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26
Q

What minerals are required in diet?

A

Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium

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27
Q

What is nitrogen balance?

A

The difference between the amount of nitrogen taken into the body each day (mainly in the form of dietary protein) and the amount of nitrogen in compounds lost

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28
Q

Positive nitrogen balance occurs…

A

During growth

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29
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

Normal healthy adult

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30
Q

A negative nitrogen balance occurs…

A

Dietary deficiency of total protein or amino acids: catabolic stress

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31
Q

What percentage of carbs are needed in calories?

A

45% - 65% of calories

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32
Q

What percentage of fats are needed in calories?

A

20% - 35% of calories

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33
Q

What percentage of proteins are needed in calories?

A

.8 g/kg

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34
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

A disease originally seen in African children suffering from a protein deficiency (although overall energy intake may be normal). It is characterized by marked hypoalbuminemia (low levels of albumin in the blood), anemia, edema (buildup of fluids in the interstitial spaces), potbelly, loss of hair, and other signs of tissue injury

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35
Q

What is marasmus?

A

Used for prolonged protein and energy malnutrition, particularly in young children. Marasmus is characterized by loss of weight and body fat, muscle wasting, and poor growth. Children with marasmus usually do not develop edema

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36
Q

What do ultra-processed foods cause?

A

Cardiovascular disease

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37
Q

What does an increase amount of sodium cause?

A

Hypertension

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38
Q

What does an increased BMI lead to?

A

Cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and alterations in blood lipid levels. It also increases the risk for respiratory problems, gallbladder disease, and certain types of cancer

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39
Q

What does a calcium deficiency cause?

A

Osteomalacia

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40
Q

What happens to food after eaten?

A

Oxidized to meet our immediate energy needs

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41
Q

What is the major fuel in the body?

A

Glucose

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42
Q

What is a major organ that maintains glucose?

A

Liver

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43
Q

What carbon sources are needed for glucogenesis?

A

Lactate, glycerol, and amino acids

44
Q

What is a major polymer of carbs?

A

Starch

45
Q

What is a major carb?

A

Glucose

46
Q

How is glucose stored?

A

Oxidized and stored as glycogen within the liver & muscle

47
Q

What breaks down glucose?

A

Enzymes such as amylase

48
Q

What is the maximum glycogen storage in liver?

A

200-300 grams

49
Q

How is glucose oxidized?

A

Via glycolysis and TCA cycle, generates ATP

50
Q

What is glycogen in the brain a major precursor of?

A

Neurotransmitters

51
Q

How much glucose is required in the brain?

A

150 grams of glucose per day

52
Q

RBCs lack…

A

Mitochondria

53
Q

If we do not have RBCs, we cannot…

A

Metabolize glucose

54
Q

What stimulates uptake of glucose into tissue?

A

Insulin

55
Q

What do adipocytes do?

A

Oxidize glucose for energy along with making it a source of glycerol for triacylglycerols

56
Q

What is a major type of fat?

A

Triacylglycerols

57
Q

Where are fatty acids stored?

A

Adipose cells

58
Q

What is fat not?

A

Soluble in water, emulsified by bile salts

59
Q

What can energy from triacylglycerol be used in?

A

Fasting state!

60
Q

How do adipose arrive?

A

Packaged in chylomicrons or VLDL

61
Q

Proteins are digested as…

A

Amino acids

62
Q

How are proteins linked? How are they cleaved?

A

Peptide bonds; enzymes

63
Q

What acts on the stomach?

A

Pepsin

64
Q

What acts in the lumen of small intestine?

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases

65
Q

Within the liver, where do proteins travel?

A

Hepatic portal vein

66
Q

What can the liver do to proteins?

A

Can oxidize amino acids or convert to glucose or ketone bodies, disposing of nitrogen in urea (usually more in fasting/starved state)

67
Q

Proteins are in…state within the liver

A

Constant turnover

68
Q

Where can energy from proteins be used in?

A

Fasting state

69
Q

What is not stored in adipose?

A

Amino acids

70
Q

In fasting, the liver converts…from…

A

Fatty acids, lipolysis

71
Q

During the fasting state, what still occurs?

A

Gluconeogenesis

72
Q

During an overnight fast…

A

Insulin levels decline and glucagon levels rise

73
Q

As fasting goes on…

A

Liver produces glucose via gluconeogenesis (lactate, glycerol, and amino acids)

74
Q

During prolonged starvation…

A

Muscles continue to burn fatty acid but decreases ketone body usage

75
Q

What do B-cells make in the pancreas? What do A-cells make in the pancreas?

A

B-cells -> insulin
A-cells -> glucagon

76
Q

Insulin signals uptake…

A

Glucose

77
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Breakdown of glycogen in liver to form glucose which can be oxidized or released to bloodstream to supply tissues (brain and RBCs first)

78
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

Release of fatty acids and glycerol from triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue

79
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Conversion of amino acids in blood (from muscle tissue) to glucose to be released to blood to supply tissue (brain and RBCs first)

80
Q

What is the byproduct of gluconeogenesis?

A

Urea

81
Q

What is common between chylomicrons & VLDL?

A

o Produced in fed state
o Transport triacylglycerol (insoluble in water)
o Contain cholesterol
o Triacylglycerol are degraded into fatty acids and glycerol, then fatty acid re-combines with glycerol moiety from blood glucose to be stored in adipose as fat droplet

82
Q

What is found in chylomicrons?

A

o Formed in intestinal epithelial cells from digestion of dietary triacylglycerols
o Remnants cleared from blood by liver

83
Q

What is found in VLDL?

A

o Synthesized in liver
o Remnants cleared from blood by liver, or form LDL, which is later cleared by liver o peripheral cells

84
Q

In prolonged starvation, what is able to provide a supply of fatty acids?

A

Lipolysis

85
Q

When blood glucose decreases and glycogen increases, what is broken down by lipolysis?

A

Triacylglycerols

86
Q

What completely oxidizes CO2 & H2O

A

Muscle

87
Q

Liver only partially oxidizes…

A

Fatty acids

88
Q

What molecules act as carbon sources to generate glucose?

A

Glycerol, amino acids, and lactate

89
Q

Liver can oxidize what?

A

Amino acids, disposing nitrogen in urea

90
Q

What does obesity cause?

A

Maintain larger volume of circulating blood, which causes hypertension and increased workload on heart

91
Q

Increased triacylglycerol becomes what?

A

Resistant to action of insulin

92
Q

What is the primary energy source from brain & RBCs?

A

Glucose

93
Q

What is hypercholesterolemia?

A

Elevated cholesterol caused by mutation with a specific protein or excessive cholesterol intake

94
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

High blood glucose levels caused by either mutations in specific proteins or tissue resistance to insulin

95
Q

What is hyperlipidemia?

A

High levels of blood lipids may be caused by mutations in specific proteins or ingestion of high fat diets

96
Q

What are liver serum proteins?

A

Albumin & prealbumin

97
Q

Elevated creatinine in blood means

A

Impaired renal function

98
Q

What has a longer half-life?

A

Albumin

99
Q

Decreased BUN levels can indicate

A

Liver issues

100
Q

Increased BUN levels can indicate

A

Kidney issues

101
Q

Creatinine indicates

A

Diminished production of skeletal muscle, increased can indicate kidney issues

102
Q

Ketone bodies being elevated implies…

A

Starvation state

103
Q

Malnutrition

A

Reduced nutrient uptake may be caused by a genetic mutation in specific proteins or by dietary habits leading to reduced nutrient intake. May lead to increased ketone body production and reduced liver protein synthesis

104
Q

The more body oxidizes fuel…

A

The more energy present

105
Q

How to calculate BMI

A

weight/height squared

106
Q

One pound is equal to

A

3500 kcal -> 500 kcal a day

LECOM DSP Biochemistry 2022 (11 decks)

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