Section I (Chapters 1-3) Flashcards
What is the caloric content of carbohydrates?
4
What is the caloric content of fat?
9
What is the caloric content of protein?
4
What is the caloric content of alcohol?
7
What are the three major fuel stores in the body?
Fats, glycogen, protein
What is the only fuel store that is not solely a fuel store?
Protein
What is basal metabolic rate?
The amount of energy required to maintain life and all basic functions within a living person
How to calculate BMR in men? In women?
Men: 24 * weight
Women: 21.6 * weight
What is daily energy expenditure?
The minimum energy required to support activities along with processing food
What is BMI? How do we calculate it?
Determining a person’s weight is within the healthy range
Calculated by multiplying the weight by 70, dividing by the individuals height squared
What are the factors of BMR?
Gender, body temperature, environmental temperature, thyroid status, pregnancy and lactation, age, body composition
What are the classifications of BMI?
Below 18.5 -> underweight
18.5 - 24.9 -> healthy!
25 -29.9 -> overweight
Values above 30 -> obese
What is the importance of caloric balance?
Maintain a healthy balance of macromolecules and energy amount within someone
What essential fatty acids are required?
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and other related compounds
What essential amino acids are required?
Lysine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, and histidine
What amino acids are elevated in pregnant women and growing individuals?
Arginine & histidine
What is phenylketonuria?
Congenital condition where an individual cannot convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
What is the importance of vitamins?
Most vitamins are used as precursors for coenzymes, complex organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions, and the deficiency symptoms reflect an inability of cells to carry out certain reactions
Where is Vitamin C found?
Citrus fruits, potatoes, peppers, broccoli, spinach
Where is Vitamin B12 found?
Meat, poultry, fish, whole grain cereals and breads, vegetables, peanuts, walnuts
Where is Vitamin A found?
Milk, dark green and leafy vegetables
Where is Vitamin K found?
Green vegetables, cabbage family
Where is Vitamin D?
Fortified milk, butter, fatty fish
Where is Vitamin E?
Vegetable oils, margarine, wheat germ; nuts; green leafy vegetables
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
Vitamin A, K, D, E
What minerals are required in diet?
Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium
What is nitrogen balance?
The difference between the amount of nitrogen taken into the body each day (mainly in the form of dietary protein) and the amount of nitrogen in compounds lost
Positive nitrogen balance occurs…
During growth
Nitrogen balance
Normal healthy adult
A negative nitrogen balance occurs…
Dietary deficiency of total protein or amino acids: catabolic stress
What percentage of carbs are needed in calories?
45% - 65% of calories
What percentage of fats are needed in calories?
20% - 35% of calories
What percentage of proteins are needed in calories?
.8 g/kg
What is kwashiorkor?
A disease originally seen in African children suffering from a protein deficiency (although overall energy intake may be normal). It is characterized by marked hypoalbuminemia (low levels of albumin in the blood), anemia, edema (buildup of fluids in the interstitial spaces), potbelly, loss of hair, and other signs of tissue injury
What is marasmus?
Used for prolonged protein and energy malnutrition, particularly in young children. Marasmus is characterized by loss of weight and body fat, muscle wasting, and poor growth. Children with marasmus usually do not develop edema
What do ultra-processed foods cause?
Cardiovascular disease
What does an increase amount of sodium cause?
Hypertension
What does an increased BMI lead to?
Cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and alterations in blood lipid levels. It also increases the risk for respiratory problems, gallbladder disease, and certain types of cancer
What does a calcium deficiency cause?
Osteomalacia
What happens to food after eaten?
Oxidized to meet our immediate energy needs
What is the major fuel in the body?
Glucose
What is a major organ that maintains glucose?
Liver
What carbon sources are needed for glucogenesis?
Lactate, glycerol, and amino acids
What is a major polymer of carbs?
Starch
What is a major carb?
Glucose
How is glucose stored?
Oxidized and stored as glycogen within the liver & muscle
What breaks down glucose?
Enzymes such as amylase
What is the maximum glycogen storage in liver?
200-300 grams
How is glucose oxidized?
Via glycolysis and TCA cycle, generates ATP
What is glycogen in the brain a major precursor of?
Neurotransmitters
How much glucose is required in the brain?
150 grams of glucose per day
RBCs lack…
Mitochondria
If we do not have RBCs, we cannot…
Metabolize glucose
What stimulates uptake of glucose into tissue?
Insulin
What do adipocytes do?
Oxidize glucose for energy along with making it a source of glycerol for triacylglycerols
What is a major type of fat?
Triacylglycerols
Where are fatty acids stored?
Adipose cells
What is fat not?
Soluble in water, emulsified by bile salts
What can energy from triacylglycerol be used in?
Fasting state!
How do adipose arrive?
Packaged in chylomicrons or VLDL
Proteins are digested as…
Amino acids
How are proteins linked? How are they cleaved?
Peptide bonds; enzymes
What acts on the stomach?
Pepsin
What acts in the lumen of small intestine?
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases
Within the liver, where do proteins travel?
Hepatic portal vein
What can the liver do to proteins?
Can oxidize amino acids or convert to glucose or ketone bodies, disposing of nitrogen in urea (usually more in fasting/starved state)
Proteins are in…state within the liver
Constant turnover
Where can energy from proteins be used in?
Fasting state
What is not stored in adipose?
Amino acids
In fasting, the liver converts…from…
Fatty acids, lipolysis
During the fasting state, what still occurs?
Gluconeogenesis
During an overnight fast…
Insulin levels decline and glucagon levels rise
As fasting goes on…
Liver produces glucose via gluconeogenesis (lactate, glycerol, and amino acids)
During prolonged starvation…
Muscles continue to burn fatty acid but decreases ketone body usage
What do B-cells make in the pancreas? What do A-cells make in the pancreas?
B-cells -> insulin
A-cells -> glucagon
Insulin signals uptake…
Glucose
What is glycolysis?
Breakdown of glycogen in liver to form glucose which can be oxidized or released to bloodstream to supply tissues (brain and RBCs first)
What is lipolysis?
Release of fatty acids and glycerol from triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue
What is gluconeogenesis?
Conversion of amino acids in blood (from muscle tissue) to glucose to be released to blood to supply tissue (brain and RBCs first)
What is the byproduct of gluconeogenesis?
Urea
What is common between chylomicrons & VLDL?
o Produced in fed state
o Transport triacylglycerol (insoluble in water)
o Contain cholesterol
o Triacylglycerol are degraded into fatty acids and glycerol, then fatty acid re-combines with glycerol moiety from blood glucose to be stored in adipose as fat droplet
What is found in chylomicrons?
o Formed in intestinal epithelial cells from digestion of dietary triacylglycerols
o Remnants cleared from blood by liver
What is found in VLDL?
o Synthesized in liver
o Remnants cleared from blood by liver, or form LDL, which is later cleared by liver o peripheral cells
In prolonged starvation, what is able to provide a supply of fatty acids?
Lipolysis
When blood glucose decreases and glycogen increases, what is broken down by lipolysis?
Triacylglycerols
What completely oxidizes CO2 & H2O
Muscle
Liver only partially oxidizes…
Fatty acids
What molecules act as carbon sources to generate glucose?
Glycerol, amino acids, and lactate
Liver can oxidize what?
Amino acids, disposing nitrogen in urea
What does obesity cause?
Maintain larger volume of circulating blood, which causes hypertension and increased workload on heart
Increased triacylglycerol becomes what?
Resistant to action of insulin
What is the primary energy source from brain & RBCs?
Glucose
What is hypercholesterolemia?
Elevated cholesterol caused by mutation with a specific protein or excessive cholesterol intake
What is hyperglycemia?
High blood glucose levels caused by either mutations in specific proteins or tissue resistance to insulin
What is hyperlipidemia?
High levels of blood lipids may be caused by mutations in specific proteins or ingestion of high fat diets
What are liver serum proteins?
Albumin & prealbumin
Elevated creatinine in blood means
Impaired renal function
What has a longer half-life?
Albumin
Decreased BUN levels can indicate
Liver issues
Increased BUN levels can indicate
Kidney issues
Creatinine indicates
Diminished production of skeletal muscle, increased can indicate kidney issues
Ketone bodies being elevated implies…
Starvation state
Malnutrition
Reduced nutrient uptake may be caused by a genetic mutation in specific proteins or by dietary habits leading to reduced nutrient intake. May lead to increased ketone body production and reduced liver protein synthesis
The more body oxidizes fuel…
The more energy present
How to calculate BMI
weight/height squared
One pound is equal to
3500 kcal -> 500 kcal a day
