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Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis > Section I > Flashcards

Section I Flashcards

0
Q

What did Fred griffin experiment with

A

Pneumonia on mice

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1
Q

What was originally thought to carry genetic information

A

Proteins

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2
Q

What are single units, monomers

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

What are the four nitrogen bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

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4
Q

What year did Fred Griffith experiment

A

1928

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6
Q

What does the Griffith experiment prove

A

The genetic material is not protein

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7
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide

A
  • five carbon sugar; deoxyribose
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogen base; one of four
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8
Q

What is protein denaturing

A

Breaking down of proteins in heat

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8
Q

In a nucleotide ___ and ___ stay the same but the ___ can change

A

Sugar and phosphate

Nitrogen bases

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9
Q

How do the nitrogen bases pair together

A

A-T, C-G

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10
Q

What 2 nitrogen bases are purines

A

Adenine and guanine

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11
Q

What 2 nitrogen bases are pyrimiones

A

Thymine and cytosine

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12
Q

What 2 nitrogen bases are double rings

A

Adenine and guanine

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13
Q

What 2 nitrogen bases are single ring

A

Thymine and cytosine

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14
Q

What are nitrogen bases combined by

A

A hydrogen bond

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15
Q

How was an image of DNA produced with Wilkins and Franklin

A

X-ray crystallography

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16
Q

What did Chargoff discover

A

That A=T and G=C

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17
Q

Who proposed the first model of DNA

A

Watson and Crick

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18
Q

When was the first DNA model proposed

A

1953

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19
Q

When did Watson and Crick earn their Nobel Prize and for what

A

1953 and physiology medicine

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20
Q

Who else was named to Watson and Crick’s Nobel Prize but could not be recognized because he died

A

Franklin

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21
Q

Where is DNA found in all cells

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

How is DNA found in resting cells

A

In strands known as chromatin

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23
Q

Before cell division, chromatin form ___

A

Chromosomes

24
Q

What are genes

A

Short segments of DNA that contain specific information for traits

25
Q

DNA polymerase only works in __–>__ direction

A

5’ and 3’

26
Q

Fragments are added in segments of the ___ strand

A

Lagging

27
Q

What are the two functions of DNA

A
  • control of cells activities

- choose the type of proteins to be made

28
Q

What do the “proof readers” consist of

A

20 or so amino acids

29
Q

In the first step of DNA replication the DNA ___

A

Untwists

30
Q

In the second step of DNA replication the ___ unzips the DNA at the nitrogen bases, breaking

A

DNA helicase

Breaking their hydrogen bonds

32
Q

In the 3rd step of DNA replication free nitrogen bases from the nucleoplasm attach to the ___ by means of DNA polymerase

A

DNA

33
Q

What is DNA glue

A

DNA ligase

34
Q

What are the fragments in the lagging strand called

A

Okazaki fragments

35
Q

The code for DNA replication would fill ___ text books

A

1,000

36
Q

In step four of DNA replication the bases are reached and what is the result

A

Two DNA strands, one half being old DNA and the other half being new DNA

36
Q

The correct process of DNA replication is called

A

Semi-conservative

38
Q

On average how many errors are there per billion nucleotides

A

1

40
Q

Replication occurs rapidly because

A

DNA is unzipped at a number of places at a time

41
Q

How many chromosomes per cell

A

46

41
Q

How many base pairs are there

A

3 billion

42
Q

What do “proof readers” do

A

Check and correct mistakes in replication

43
Q

What is the difference between virulent and non-virulent bacteria

A

Virulent - causes sickness

Non-virulent - doesn’t cause sickness

44
Q

Polymerase moves along the ___ strand

A

Leading

44
Q

How long does DNA replication take

A

A few hours

45
Q

DNA has the ___ for traits

A

“Blueprints”

46
Q

Because of the the size of the DNA m the DNA is

A

Too big to pass through the nuclear membrane

47
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Ribonucleic acid

48
Q

Where in the cell are proteins made

A

Ribosomes, free floating, or attached to the ER

49
Q

What are the parts of the DNA molecule

A

Sugar, ribose
Phosphate
Nitrogen bases

50
Q

What are the four nitrogen bases in RNA

A

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

51
Q

What is the design of RNA

A

Single stranded

52
Q

What are the three types of RNA

A

Messenger
Transfer
Ribosomal

53
Q

What does the messenger RNA do

A

Carries code from DNA to the ribso r

54
Q

What does the transfer RNA do

A

Single folded strand of RNA that carries the amino acids to ribosomes

55
Q

What is the transfer RNA reused for

A

Picking up amino acids

56
Q

What is ribosomal RNA made up of

A

Proteins

57
Q

What is the major component of ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis (2 decks)

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