Section E Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vitamin?

A

A substance essential for the maintenance of normal metabolic function, but is not made in the body and therefore must be provided from an outside source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes scurvy?

A

Vitamin C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets?

A

Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes polyneuritis?

A

Vitamin B1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is another name for vitamin B1?

A

Thiamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes pernicious anemia?

A

Vitamin B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes pellagra?

A

Vitamin B3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is another name for vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Water soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin C and 11 vitamin Bs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E and K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define DRIs.

A

Dietary recommended intakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define EAR.

A

Estimated average requirement. The value is determined to meet the requirements for 50% of the people in any one category based on age, gender and ethnicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define RDA

A

Recommended daily allowance. Daily intake sufficient to meet the needs of 97% to 98% of healthy people in a group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define AI.

A

Adequate intake. Recommended daily intake based on observed or scientific data for specific groups of individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define UL.

A

Upper limit. The highest recommended daily intake that is not likely to pose an adverse health risk to all individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two approaches to vitamin therapy?

A

Nutritional approach or megavitamin approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are illnesses that may require vitamins as a dietary supplement?

A

Hyperthyroidism, fever, tissue wasting (among others)

18
Q

Which water soluble vitamin may cause toxic effects? What are they?

A

Vitamin B6 may cause nerve injury

19
Q

What is another name for vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

20
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin A in healthy individuals? Smokers?

A

Healthy = 60 mg; smokers = 100 mg

21
Q

Which tissues require vitamin C for their formation?

A

Collagen and intercellular ground substance

22
Q

Why would vitamin C deficiency cause bleeding?

A

Disrupts collagen and intercellular ground substance, which are required to hold cells together; affects blood vessel framework

23
Q

How did Jacques Cartier cure scurvy?

A

Spruce leaf extract

24
Q

Linus Pauling?

A

Administered vitamin C in excess of RDA; found common cold was not prevented or shortened (number of days missed from work reduced)

25
Q

What are the risks of vitamin C megadosage?

A

Diarrhea, kidney stones (from excretion of oxalate), rebound scurvy (due to high metabolism of vitamin C)

26
Q

How many members of the vitamin B family are there?

A

Eleven

27
Q

What sources are the vitamin Bs isolated from?

A

Liver and yeast

28
Q

Why should women of child-bearing age take folate?

A

Decreases the incidence of neural tube defects (such as spina bifida) in their offspring

29
Q

What are benefits of vitamin B6?

A

Decreased serum concentrations of homocysteine and a lower risk of heart disease

30
Q

Which vitamin B do 10-30% of americans over the age of 60 have difficulty absorbing?

A

Vitamin B12

31
Q

Describe the RDA for vitamin A.

A

RDA = 1000 ug = 1000 retinol equivalents (1 retinol equivalent = 1 ug retinol = 6 ug beta-carotene)

32
Q

What are the effects of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Growth and development retarded, night blindness/dry eye surface, changes bronchiolar cells/ increases change of respiratory infection, causes dry/thick/horny skin

33
Q

What are the effects of excessive vitamin A intake?

A

dry itchy skin, vomiting, headache, feeling of pressure in the head and an enlarged liver and spleen

34
Q

What are therapeutic uses for vitamin A?

A

Treatment of deficiency, periods of increased need (pregnancy, lactation, infancy), acne and skin diseases

35
Q

What are sources of vitamin D?

A

Dietary (meat and fish) or by the action of sunlight on provitamin D (present in the skin)

36
Q

Describe the conversion pathway of vitamin D.

A

Provitamin D (skin) -> Vitamin D (food) -> (liver) -> 25- Hydroxyvitamin D -> (kidneys) -> 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (active form)

37
Q

What are the actions of vitamin D?

A

Increases the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestine, regulation of blood calcium level, removal of calcium from older bone

38
Q

Results of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Decreased calcium and phosphate absorption from intestine, decreased blood calcium level, calcium removed from bone (bowleggedness)

39
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin D?

A

400 I.U; women over 55 = 1000 IU (+ 1500mg elemental Ca); men over 55 = 1200 mg elemental Ca; women = 1000 IU (to prevent breast cancer)

40
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin E?

A

10 mg

41
Q

What is vitamin E proven to be effective in treating?

A

An uncommon type of hemolytic anemia, also essential for normal reproduction