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PHAR 100 > Section E > Flashcards

Section E Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vitamin?

A

A substance essential for the maintenance of normal metabolic function, but is not made in the body and therefore must be provided from an outside source

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2
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes scurvy?

A

Vitamin C

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3
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets?

A

Vitamin D

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4
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes polyneuritis?

A

Vitamin B1

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5
Q

What is another name for vitamin B1?

A

Thiamin

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6
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes pernicious anemia?

A

Vitamin B12

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7
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes pellagra?

A

Vitamin B3

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8
Q

What is another name for vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

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9
Q

Water soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin C and 11 vitamin Bs

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10
Q

Fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E and K

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11
Q

Define DRIs.

A

Dietary recommended intakes

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12
Q

Define EAR.

A

Estimated average requirement. The value is determined to meet the requirements for 50% of the people in any one category based on age, gender and ethnicity

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13
Q

Define RDA

A

Recommended daily allowance. Daily intake sufficient to meet the needs of 97% to 98% of healthy people in a group.

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14
Q

Define AI.

A

Adequate intake. Recommended daily intake based on observed or scientific data for specific groups of individuals.

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15
Q

Define UL.

A

Upper limit. The highest recommended daily intake that is not likely to pose an adverse health risk to all individuals.

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16
Q

What are the two approaches to vitamin therapy?

A

Nutritional approach or megavitamin approach

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17
Q

What are illnesses that may require vitamins as a dietary supplement?

A

Hyperthyroidism, fever, tissue wasting (among others)

18
Q

Which water soluble vitamin may cause toxic effects? What are they?

A

Vitamin B6 may cause nerve injury

19
Q

What is another name for vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

20
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin A in healthy individuals? Smokers?

A

Healthy = 60 mg; smokers = 100 mg

21
Q

Which tissues require vitamin C for their formation?

A

Collagen and intercellular ground substance

22
Q

Why would vitamin C deficiency cause bleeding?

A

Disrupts collagen and intercellular ground substance, which are required to hold cells together; affects blood vessel framework

23
Q

How did Jacques Cartier cure scurvy?

A

Spruce leaf extract

24
Q

Linus Pauling?

A

Administered vitamin C in excess of RDA; found common cold was not prevented or shortened (number of days missed from work reduced)

25
Q

What are the risks of vitamin C megadosage?

A

Diarrhea, kidney stones (from excretion of oxalate), rebound scurvy (due to high metabolism of vitamin C)

26
Q

How many members of the vitamin B family are there?

27
Q

What sources are the vitamin Bs isolated from?

A

Liver and yeast

28
Q

Why should women of child-bearing age take folate?

A

Decreases the incidence of neural tube defects (such as spina bifida) in their offspring

29
Q

What are benefits of vitamin B6?

A

Decreased serum concentrations of homocysteine and a lower risk of heart disease

30
Q

Which vitamin B do 10-30% of americans over the age of 60 have difficulty absorbing?

A

Vitamin B12

31
Q

Describe the RDA for vitamin A.

A

RDA = 1000 ug = 1000 retinol equivalents (1 retinol equivalent = 1 ug retinol = 6 ug beta-carotene)

32
Q

What are the effects of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Growth and development retarded, night blindness/dry eye surface, changes bronchiolar cells/ increases change of respiratory infection, causes dry/thick/horny skin

33
Q

What are the effects of excessive vitamin A intake?

A

dry itchy skin, vomiting, headache, feeling of pressure in the head and an enlarged liver and spleen

34
Q

What are therapeutic uses for vitamin A?

A

Treatment of deficiency, periods of increased need (pregnancy, lactation, infancy), acne and skin diseases

35
Q

What are sources of vitamin D?

A

Dietary (meat and fish) or by the action of sunlight on provitamin D (present in the skin)

36
Q

Describe the conversion pathway of vitamin D.

A

Provitamin D (skin) -> Vitamin D (food) -> (liver) -> 25- Hydroxyvitamin D -> (kidneys) -> 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (active form)

37
Q

What are the actions of vitamin D?

A

Increases the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestine, regulation of blood calcium level, removal of calcium from older bone

38
Q

Results of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Decreased calcium and phosphate absorption from intestine, decreased blood calcium level, calcium removed from bone (bowleggedness)

39
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin D?

A

400 I.U; women over 55 = 1000 IU (+ 1500mg elemental Ca); men over 55 = 1200 mg elemental Ca; women = 1000 IU (to prevent breast cancer)

40
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin E?

41
Q

What is vitamin E proven to be effective in treating?

A

An uncommon type of hemolytic anemia, also essential for normal reproduction

PHAR 100 (3 decks)

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