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CHEM1603 CH > Section D > Flashcards

Section D Flashcards

1
Q

Define thermodynamics

A

changes in the form of energy when a reaction occurs

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2
Q

Define equilibrium

A

reaction in which the reactants and products coexist

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3
Q

What is kept constant for the equilibrium constant?

A

Temperature, pressure, reaction

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4
Q

What is the difference between reaction quotient and equilibrium constant?

A

Kc describes a reaction that is at equilibrium, Q measures relative amounts of products (not at equilibrium)

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5
Q

What is the equation for reaction quotient?

A

[C]^c.[D]^d / [A]^a.[B]^b

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6
Q

Compounds in which state are omitted from the reaction quotient?

A

Pure liquids and solids are not included as they equal 1, aqueous and gaseous compounds are included in Q calc.

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7
Q

How do we calculate delta G using reaction quotient Q?

A

Delta G = Delta G0 + RT.lnQ

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8
Q

What is the case when Q > K?

A

Reaction favours reactants, delta G is positive, A + B

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9
Q

What is the case when Q = K?

A

System is at equilibrium, delta G = 0, delta G0 = -RT.lnK

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10
Q

At what point is the free energy change of a reaction zero?

A

When reaction is at equilibrium

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11
Q

What are some of the biological controlling functions of protons?

A

Controls: enzyme activity, synthesis of ATP, Oxygen transport, charge on proteins & lipids

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12
Q

What is the value of Kw?

A

10^-14 (at 25deg.)

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13
Q

What happens to the value of Kw when temperature increases?

A

Kw increases with temperature e.g. at 40deg. = 2.9 x 10^-14

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14
Q

What is the Arrhenius definition of acids and bases?

A

Acids increase the concentration of H3O+, bases increase the concentration fo OH-

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15
Q

What will the pKa be when equilibrium lies to the right?

A

Low pKa, strong acid,

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16
Q

Larger pKb = …

A

Stronger base - notice that it is pKb not pKa

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17
Q

At what point in a titration is the acid half neutralised?

A

when pKA = pH

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18
Q

What is another important doubly charged ion in biological systems?

A

Ca2+ is extremely important, most processes in cells involve calcium

19
Q

What ion is highly regulate by buffering systems, controls charge balance on proteins, can be v. high conc. in certain organelles?

A

Protons (H3O+)

20
Q

What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation?

A

pH = pKa + log(A-/HA)

21
Q

What are the 3 steps involved in making a buffer?

A

Choose acid/conjugate base with pkA ~ pH, calculate A-/HA ratio, check with pH meter

22
Q

What is the equation for the solubility constant (Ksp)?

A

Ksp = [M+][X-]

23
Q

What changes in the equation if the salt is not univalent?

A

If salt is MX2 for example, then equation for Kip would then = [M+][X-]^2

24
Q

What happens when a sparingly soluble electrolyte is dissolved in a solution containing on of the ions?

A

Solubility decreases considerably,

25
Q

Define voltage

A

Driving force of a reaction

26
Q

Define current

A

quantity of electricity

27
Q

What are alternate units of voltage?

A

1 volt = 1 joule/amp/sec

28
Q

What are alternate units of current?

A

1 amp = 1 coulomb/sec

29
Q

What is the conventional representation of a hydrogen electrode?

A

Pt | H2 (g, p), H+ (aq)

30
Q

What reaction is a calomel electrode used in?

A

Pt | Hg, Hg2Cl2 | Cl- |, potential = 0.2767 at 25deg.

31
Q

What is E0?

A

Standard redox potential at defined standard conditions

32
Q

What is the equation for delta G0 involving E0?

A

Delta G0 = - n . F . E0

33
Q

Derive an equation to find E0 using Kc

A

Use: Delta G0 = - n . F . E0 and Delta G0 = -RT.lnK to get: E0 = (RT/nF)lnK

34
Q

What is the equation for E0 of a cell?

A

E0 cell = E0 right - E0 left

35
Q

What is the Nernst equation?

A

E = E0 - (RT/nF).lnQ (E=measured EMF)

36
Q

What is RT/F equal to at 25deg.?

A

0.02569V

37
Q

In an ion selective electrode, what is electrode potential dependant on?

A

One specific ion in solution, develops a junction potential with internal solution also containing that ion

38
Q

What ion can interfere with the pH electrode?

A

Na+

39
Q

What is the conventional representation of a pH electrode?

A

H+ | H+,Na+ | Na+ | H+,Na+ | H+ | AgCl | Ag

40
Q

What is the name for a cell which produces electricity?

A

Galvanic cell

41
Q

What is the definition of an electrolytic cell?

A

Non-spontaneous reaction driven by an external current

42
Q

What is 1 faraday equivalent to?

A

1 mole of electrons

43
Q

How many coulombs are in 1 faraday?

A

96,485Coulombs in one faraday

CHEM1603 CH (6 decks)

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