Section C

Question 1

Vikings/Old English

Answer 1

social cultural context:
-from 1800s Vs began to settle in Eng./spoke Old Norse (could understand eachother but they were diff. langs.)
–> a need to communicate for trade, intermarriage etc
elaboration+evidence:
-gramm. stripping= morpho-synatax–> (gradual) word order, borrow prepositions ‘with’ and ‘to’
-borrowings= ~1000 (e.g. skill+craft(n), die+starve(v), rear+raise(v) )
supporting quotation+citation:
-“In all, up to 1000 Norse words were permanently added to the English lexicon’ (thehistoryofenglish.com)
-‘…can only be explained by the settlement of many Old Norse speaking Viking settlers in England’ (Eleanor Rye)
link to topic/catalyst for change:
-invasion–> need to assimilate 2 different cultures=reflected in merging of their langs.

Question 2

Normans

Answer 2

social cultural context:
-1066CE William the Conqueror=foreign (French) king–> installs Fr nobility in pos. of power–> stratified society- power, $, status=Fr, peasants=OE (refl. in lang)
elaboration+evidence:
-social hierarchy spread to lang.–> synonyms/doublets, w prestige diff.s
e.g. sheep/mutton(n), ask/question(v), kingly/royal(adj)
supporting quotation/citation:
-‘the reason we have a different word for the flesh of an animal and the animal itself is because of the French invasion of 1066’ (Joel Golby, journalist)
-‘As a result of the Norman invasion, England became a nation in which the Latin, French, and English coexisted.’ (David Crystal, linguist)
link to topic/catalyst for change:
-invasion/societal structure upheaval–> not only Fr asserting power soc.+pol. but also in lang.–> some impacts have disappeared although many lasted throughout time

Question 3

Normans

Answer 3

social cultural context:
-1066CE William the Conqueror=foreign (French) king–> installs Fr nobility in pos. of power–> stratified society- power, $, status=Fr, peasants=OE (refl. in lang)
elaboration+evidence:
-social hierarchy spread to lang.–> synonyms/doublets, w prestige diff.s
e.g. sheep/mutton(n), ask/question(v), kingly/royal(adj)
supporting quotation/citation:
-‘the reason we have a different word for the flesh of an animal and the animal itself is because of the French invasion of 1066’ (Joel Golby, journalist)
-‘As a result of the Norman invasion, England became a nation in which the Latin, French, and English coexisted.’ (David Crystal, linguist)
link to topic/catalyst for change:
-invasion/societal structure upheaval–> not only Fr asserting power soc.+pol. but also in lang.–> some impacts have disappeared although many lasted throughout time

Question 4

Printing Press

Answer 4

social cultural context:
1476 Caxton brought to Eng.–> increased literacy b/c increased availability of books–> more stability/standardisation of lang.
elaboration+evidence:
-no common spellings of words
e.g ‘eggys’, ‘egges’, ‘eyren’ in preface written by Caxton for Eneydos
supporting quotation+citation:
-‘Printing added an element of linguistic stability to literature.’ (Davidson, Planet World)
-‘English at the time of Shakespeare was a language on course to uniform thanks to the print revolution, but still containing words written in multiple ways’ (Rebecca Rideal, The Guardian)
links to the topic/catalyst for change:
-printing press increased literacy (London dialect b/c pol. and comm. centre + seat of court/trade centre) t/f Standardisation of lang. from previous non-conformity/variation

Question 5

Renaissance

Answer 5

social cultural context:
-1500+ = intellectual movement based on Ancient Greece/Rome –> ++new inventions, increased literate middle class b/c humanism/want to be best versions of themselves
elaboration+evidence:
-new inventions–> new lexemes to name them (borrowings from Greek+Latin)
e.g.

Question 6

Printing Press

Answer 6

social cultural context:
1476 Caxton brought to Eng.–> increased literacy b/c increased availability of books–> more stability/standardisation of lang.
elaboration+evidence:
-no common spellings of words
e.g ‘eggys’, ‘egges’, ‘eyren’ in preface written by Caxton for Eneydos
supporting quotation+citation:
-‘Printing added an element of linguistic stability to literature.’ (Davidson, Planet World)
-‘English at the time of Shakespeare was a language on course to uniform thanks to the print revolution, but still containing words written in multiple ways’ (Rebecca Rideal, The Guardian)
links to the topic/catalyst for change:
-printing press increased literacy (London dialect b/c pol. and comm. centre + seat of court/trade centre) t/f Standardisation of lang. from previous non-conformity/variation