Section B: Warfare and British Society C1250 - Present Flashcards

1
Q

Reasons for decline of calvary in Medieval warfare

A

Battle of Agincourt:
British longbow men destroyed the French calvary, even when outnumbered
Expensive
limited amount capable of owning and riding a horse
Beginning of the shiltron age

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2
Q

Changes in weaponry in the Medieval era

A

Longbowmen :
Better rate of fire, accurate, long range
Some archers Rode horses so they could move with the calvary
Change in formation: archers at flanks

Pikes:
Large pike
Can be used in squares (shiltrons) to defend against calvary

Mainly descended into melee

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3
Q

Changes in training and composition (medieval time)

A

Training:
1363, longbow training a law

Composition:
More infantry, less calvary
Much not change
Armies became bigger
More archers
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4
Q

What was made by King Edward III in 1363?

A

The law stating all able-bodied men should practise firing a longbow every Sunday

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5
Q

What was artillery like at the beginning of the Industrial age

A
Slow
Heavy
Ruined by rain
E.g Battle of Waterloo - artillery barely utilised
5% of army composition
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6
Q

What was changed in the new Field Artillery

A

More accurate
Faster to move
Better long range
Better rate of fire

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7
Q

What did the new field artillery lead to in tactics

A

Can be placed at the front of the army, then pulled back
Cannons can be placed nearer the front
Less men per cannon
Cannons could be placed on the flanks
Cannons could be used to help choose a useful position on the battle field
More light - could even be used on ships

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8
Q

What is BRASS

Pace of change in technologies accelerated between 1850 - 1900

A
B - breech loading guns
R - rifling 
A - ammunition
S - steel casting
S - smokeless powder
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9
Q

What parts of BRASS were important to artillery

A

Rifling:
Had been used since 1830 in rifles, but became available in artillery in 1860 due to more steel
Rifling is where the barrel had groves in so the bullet’s spin is controlled

Steel casting:
Steel was made cheaper and quicker, leading to artillery mass production
Steel was stronger than its predecesor, iron
Allowed rifling to happen

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10
Q

What were rifles like early on in the 1700’s

A

Brown bess musket used from 1715 - 1845
Muskets only

Brown Bess:
Un effective at its range of 50m
Could only fire 2 - 3 shots a minute
Did not have a percussion cap, and was unreliable in wet conditions

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11
Q

What were rifles like late on in the 1900’s

A

Rifles were used
(No more muskets)
Smokeless powder
Brass bullets

The enfield rifle:
Effective and reasonably accurate over 500m
Could fire 3 - 4 shots a minute
Had a percussion cap so effective in wet conditions

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12
Q

Other developments in weapons (1700 - 1900)

A

Artillery (already covered)
Rifles (already covered)

Machine guns:
Helped by development of the ammunition - brass cartages

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13
Q

Change in tactics (1700 - 1900)

A

Changes in use of artillery (already covered)
Still limited warfare
Removal of line formations and shock calvary
Defensive positions much more common e.g trenches

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14
Q

Changes in levels of interest in newspapers

A

Waterloo 1815: 5000 a day
1850: 40,000 sold a day by 50 provisional newspapers
Boer war (1899 - 1902): 300 correspondents sent by newspapers. Daily mail sold 500,000 a day

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15
Q

Where was photography first used

A

Crimean war

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16
Q

Examples of war reporters/sources (1700-1900)

A

William Howard Russel: sent daily reports for two years of bravery, but also failure in leadership
Roger Fenton:
Employed to take photographs of crimean war.
His photos showed soldiers daily lives, including poor uniforms, tents and camps
Not published daily by photographers

17
Q

Development of content reported/ photos

A

First stage photos depicting bravery and sacrifice
Same with reporting

Then became more realistic in Boer War with pics of casualties, dead and poor conditions
Reporting showed bad leadership and the real side to the soldiers

18
Q

What are embedded journalists?

A

Journalists sent to follow and stick with a platoon/company
Exposed to the same dangers as the soldiers
Many killed (as well as individual journalists)
Only censorship was no live reporting and no tactical positions released

700 used in Iraq war (with 700 companies)

19
Q

What is conscription

A

This is where it is compulsory for every able bodied man to join the military force

Used in WW1 & WW2

20
Q

Methods of recruitment in the 20th century

A

Conscription (WW1 & WW2)
Online websites
Adverts/Online adverts
Recruitment offices