Section B - Animal Physiology Flashcards
Larynx
Voice box
Epiglottis
Stops food getting into lungs when swallowed
Trachea
Tube with incomplete rings of cartilage to allow protection and steady peristalsis through oesophagus
Cells with cilia to keep mucus away from lungs
Diaphragm
Sheet of muscle with domed fibrous part in the centre.
Helps make breathing movements
Internal/External intercostal muscles
Internal - down and in when breathing out
External - up and out when breathing in
Pleural membranes
Form airtight seal around lungs and see rates rest of thorax from lungs
Pleural fluid
Liquid filling pleural cavity to act as lubrication
Problems with tobacco smoke
Cilia are destroyed which allows mucus to enter lungs
Emphysema - alveoli fuse together which greater reduces gas exchange efficiency
Lung Cancer - Caused by tar and other chemicals in the throat
Carbon Monoxide bonds with haemoglobin to lower oxygen levels in blood - problems for pregnant women
Increased risk of heart attack and stroke
Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches
Simple - Glucose
Complex - Glycogen
Test for Starch
Reddish-brown iodine goes blue-black in starch
Test for simple carbohydrates
Blue Benedict’s solution goes orange-red when heated with simple sugars
Simple calorimeter
Burn food to heat water
Proteins
Long chains of amino acids found in meat
Used for body building
Contain nitrogen and sulphur as well as C, O and H
Lipids
Made of fatty acids and glycerol
Used as energy store in body
Vitamin A
Makes chemicals in retina, protects eye
Fish liver oils, carrots etc.
Vitamin C
Sticks together cells lining surfaces in the body eg mouth
Citrus Fruits
Vitamin D
Helps bones absorb calcium and phosphorus
Fish liver oils, butter, sunlight
Calcium
Makes bones and teeth
Dairy products
Iron
Makes haemoglobin in red blood cells
Red meats, green vegetables
Importance of water in body
Acts as a solvent in body for breaking up large molecules by hydrolysis
Carries substances around body
Importance of fibre
Keeps gut muscles working. Also absorbs water
Carbohydrase
Amylase, Maltase
Found in salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
Acts on starch
Breaks it up into glucose
Protease
Pepsin, trypsin
Found in stomach, pancreas, small intestine
Works on protein
Breaks it up into amino acids
Lipase
Found in pancreas, small intestine
Works on lipids
Breaks it up into fatty acids and glycerol
Digestion process
Absorption in villi
Assimilation in cells
Egestion of waste products
NOT excretion of metabolic waste
Blood vessels in the body
Aorta / Vena Cava - Main artery/vein
Pulmonary - Lungs
Hepatic - Liver
Renal - Kidneys
Blood vessels
Artery - Thick wall to transport oxygenated blood at high pressure
Capillary - Very thin wall for easy food and gas exchange
Vein - Large space for transporting deoxygenated blood at low pressure
Phases of the heart
Blood is forced out into the arteries, heart contracts - Systole
Heart relaxes and fills up - Diastole
Blood Clotting
Injury - Platelets Arrive
Platelets break open - if calcium ions are there then thrombin is made
Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin
Fibrin forms insoluble protein mass which forms a clot and stops blood loss
Ways in which antibodies work
Make the pathogens stick together for easy collection by phagocytes
Act as label so pathogens are more easily identifiable
Cause bacterial cells to burst open
Neutralise toxins produced by bacteria
Nervous System response
Stimulus Receptor Coordination Effector Response
Nerve cell
Neurone
Nerve
Bundle of neurones
Synapses
Chemical transmitters released across a distance where a nerve impulse cannot reach
Reflex reactions
Sensory receptor Sensory neurone goes to synapse Relay neurone goes to another synapse Motor neurone Response from body
Endocrine System
Hormones
Hormone locations
Pituitary Gland - ADH - controls water content of blood through kidney
Pancreas - insulin + glucagon - changes blood glucose levels
Adrenal Glands - Adrenaline - prepares body for fight or flight
Ovaries - Oestrogen - controls development of sexual characteristics
Progesterone - regulates menstrual cycle
Testes - Testosterone - controls development of sexual characteristics + involved in sperm production
Blood glucose level control
Insulin - high glucose level
Glucose into glycogen
Glucagon - Low glucose level
Glycogen into glucose
Structure of Kidney
Glomerulus - Ball of Capillaries
Bowman’s Capsule - Receives glomerular filtrate by diffusion
First And second coiled tubule - reabsorbs protein and glucose
Loop of Henle - Selectively absorbs water depending on permeability changed by ADH
Body temperature control
Sweating - more heat loss by evaporation
Vasodilation of capillaries - epidermis region of skin - more heat loss by radiation
Vasoconstriction - less heat loss by radiation
Hair erector muscles trap layer of air to prevent heat loss
Male sexual hormones
FSH - From pituitary gland, stimulates sperm production
LH - Stimulates testes to produce testosterone
Testosterone - development of male secondary characteristics
Female sexual hormones
FSH - Stimulates ova development - highest after menstruation
LH - Stimulates release of egg - Highest when uterine lining is grown
Oestrogen - Stimulates build up of uterine lining - highest after menstruation
Progesterone - Stimulates blood vessel growth for arrival of ovum - highest after ovulation
Baby development
Fertilised ovum
Zygote - Bundle of cells
Embryo - more cells - placenta forms to pass food and oxygen to baby
Foetus - growing child - connected to placenta by umbilical cord
