Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IGCSE Biology > Section B - Animal Physiology > Flashcards

Section B - Animal Physiology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Epiglottis

A

Stops food getting into lungs when swallowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Trachea

A

Tube with incomplete rings of cartilage to allow protection and steady peristalsis through oesophagus
Cells with cilia to keep mucus away from lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Diaphragm

A

Sheet of muscle with domed fibrous part in the centre.

Helps make breathing movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Internal/External intercostal muscles

A

Internal - down and in when breathing out

External - up and out when breathing in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pleural membranes

A

Form airtight seal around lungs and see rates rest of thorax from lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pleural fluid

A

Liquid filling pleural cavity to act as lubrication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Problems with tobacco smoke

A

Cilia are destroyed which allows mucus to enter lungs
Emphysema - alveoli fuse together which greater reduces gas exchange efficiency
Lung Cancer - Caused by tar and other chemicals in the throat
Carbon Monoxide bonds with haemoglobin to lower oxygen levels in blood - problems for pregnant women
Increased risk of heart attack and stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and starches
Simple - Glucose
Complex - Glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Test for Starch

A

Reddish-brown iodine goes blue-black in starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Test for simple carbohydrates

A

Blue Benedict’s solution goes orange-red when heated with simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Simple calorimeter

A

Burn food to heat water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Proteins

A

Long chains of amino acids found in meat
Used for body building
Contain nitrogen and sulphur as well as C, O and H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lipids

A

Made of fatty acids and glycerol

Used as energy store in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vitamin A

A

Makes chemicals in retina, protects eye

Fish liver oils, carrots etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vitamin C

A

Sticks together cells lining surfaces in the body eg mouth

Citrus Fruits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Vitamin D

A

Helps bones absorb calcium and phosphorus

Fish liver oils, butter, sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Calcium

A

Makes bones and teeth

Dairy products

18
Q

Iron

A

Makes haemoglobin in red blood cells

Red meats, green vegetables

19
Q

Importance of water in body

A

Acts as a solvent in body for breaking up large molecules by hydrolysis
Carries substances around body

20
Q

Importance of fibre

A

Keeps gut muscles working. Also absorbs water

21
Q

Carbohydrase

A

Amylase, Maltase
Found in salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
Acts on starch
Breaks it up into glucose

22
Q

Protease

A

Pepsin, trypsin
Found in stomach, pancreas, small intestine
Works on protein
Breaks it up into amino acids

23
Q

Lipase

A

Found in pancreas, small intestine
Works on lipids
Breaks it up into fatty acids and glycerol

24
Q

Digestion process

A

Absorption in villi
Assimilation in cells
Egestion of waste products
NOT excretion of metabolic waste

25
Q

Blood vessels in the body

A

Aorta / Vena Cava - Main artery/vein
Pulmonary - Lungs
Hepatic - Liver
Renal - Kidneys

26
Q

Blood vessels

A

Artery - Thick wall to transport oxygenated blood at high pressure
Capillary - Very thin wall for easy food and gas exchange
Vein - Large space for transporting deoxygenated blood at low pressure

27
Q

Phases of the heart

A

Blood is forced out into the arteries, heart contracts - Systole
Heart relaxes and fills up - Diastole

28
Q

Blood Clotting

A

Injury - Platelets Arrive
Platelets break open - if calcium ions are there then thrombin is made
Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin
Fibrin forms insoluble protein mass which forms a clot and stops blood loss

29
Q

Ways in which antibodies work

A

Make the pathogens stick together for easy collection by phagocytes
Act as label so pathogens are more easily identifiable
Cause bacterial cells to burst open
Neutralise toxins produced by bacteria

30
Q

Nervous System response

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Coordination
Effector
Response
31
Q

Nerve cell

A

Neurone

32
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of neurones

33
Q

Synapses

A

Chemical transmitters released across a distance where a nerve impulse cannot reach

34
Q

Reflex reactions

A 
Sensory receptor
Sensory neurone goes to synapse
Relay neurone goes to another synapse
Motor neurone
Response from body
35
Q

Endocrine System

A

Hormones

36
Q

Hormone locations

A

Pituitary Gland - ADH - controls water content of blood through kidney
Pancreas - insulin + glucagon - changes blood glucose levels
Adrenal Glands - Adrenaline - prepares body for fight or flight
Ovaries - Oestrogen - controls development of sexual characteristics
Progesterone - regulates menstrual cycle
Testes - Testosterone - controls development of sexual characteristics + involved in sperm production

37
Q

Blood glucose level control

A

Insulin - high glucose level
Glucose into glycogen
Glucagon - Low glucose level
Glycogen into glucose

38
Q

Structure of Kidney

A

Glomerulus - Ball of Capillaries
Bowman’s Capsule - Receives glomerular filtrate by diffusion
First And second coiled tubule - reabsorbs protein and glucose
Loop of Henle - Selectively absorbs water depending on permeability changed by ADH

39
Q

Body temperature control

A

Sweating - more heat loss by evaporation
Vasodilation of capillaries - epidermis region of skin - more heat loss by radiation
Vasoconstriction - less heat loss by radiation
Hair erector muscles trap layer of air to prevent heat loss

40
Q

Male sexual hormones

A

FSH - From pituitary gland, stimulates sperm production
LH - Stimulates testes to produce testosterone
Testosterone - development of male secondary characteristics

41
Q

Female sexual hormones

A

FSH - Stimulates ova development - highest after menstruation
LH - Stimulates release of egg - Highest when uterine lining is grown
Oestrogen - Stimulates build up of uterine lining - highest after menstruation
Progesterone - Stimulates blood vessel growth for arrival of ovum - highest after ovulation

42
Q

Baby development

A

Fertilised ovum
Zygote - Bundle of cells
Embryo - more cells - placenta forms to pass food and oxygen to baby
Foetus - growing child - connected to placenta by umbilical cord

IGCSE Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions