Section B: Analytical Aspects Of Practice Flashcards
What term describes traffic volumes? It is the total annual volume of traffic divided by 365
Average Daily Traffic (ADT)
What is Design Hourly Volume (DHV)?
Volume of traffic tolerable by the driver (15% of ADT)
The maximum traffic in an hour is called
Peak Hourly Volume (PHV)
This roadway system is the most rapid and largest volume through-traffic system across and between urban areas. Best characterized by its limited access and grade separated intersections, (includes expressways and parkways)
Freeway
This roadway system is a through traffic system across and between urban areas. Allows direct access to adjacent properties but is characterized by control of entrances, exits, and curb use
Major Arterial
This road classification provides for movement of traffic between major arterials and local streets with direct access to adjacent properties. Traffic control is usually provided by signals and stop signs on side streets.
Collector street
This roadway classification provides for local traffic movement with direct access to adjacent properties and traffic control with stop signs
Local street
List the roadway classifications from largest to smallest
Freeway (60’+), major arterial (30’-40’), collector (30’), local (20’)
Aside from knowing traffic volumes and types of vehicles expected on the road, these 6 types of characteristics help you determine the location
- Present and proposed land uses
- Present and proposed circulation routes
- Topography
- Scenic opportunities
- Safety
- Respond to natural forces and features by respecting existing landscape
The length of road clearly visible to the driver is called
Sight distance
Site distance is based on _______________ of am average driver seated I’m the passenger car being 3’-9” above the road surface
Eye height
Safe site distance is a combination of these two factors
- Perception/ reaction
- Braking distance
The basic formula to calculate perception/ reaction distance is
Reaction time (2.5 seconds) x speed in MPH
The basic formula for calculating breaking distance is
Speed in MPH ^2 / (30 x coefficient of friction between tires and pavement)
How much square feet per car should you estimate for parking lot design?
325 (stalls, isles, lighting and landscape)
For residential multi-family parking is often placed on the ________ perimeter
Outer (inner location for pedestrian and open space)
What is the maximum distance a person will park to walk to their car?
200’
What is the maximum distance for people to park relative to commercial sites?
300’
What range of miles of bicyclists typically travel?
3-6 miles
Lengthy grades of _____% or more should be avoided in designing bike paths
5%
What is the preferred surfacing for bicyclists?
Asphalt
What is the maximum cross slope to use for drainage?
2%
T or F: catch basins are best located off the actual path of travel for cyclists along its grates being of a design that doesn’t entrap a bicycle tire
True
What’s the average dimensions for a bike?
6’ x 1.5’ x 2.5’
What’s the average spatial requirement for a single pedestrian?
24” wide
The average person walks a 20 min mile or _____ft per minute
260
Grades up to ____%/generally do not affect speed
6%
50% of pedestrians will not walk further than ______ ft
700
The average adult pedestrian’s eye level is ________ standing & __________ sitting
5’-2” standing and 3’-9” sitting
What is the vertical degree for the cone of vision for most people?
30 degrees
A walking pedestrian’s preferred distance for clear vision ahead is
10’ - 15’
What degree is the horizontal cone of vision?
60 degrees
This is the ideal distance for outdoor spatial enclosures
2-3x the height of what you’re looking at
The average pedestrian prefers to be ____” from the curb
30”
The average pedestrian prefers to be ____” from walls or buildings
18-30”
What are 6 functional design aspects of plants?
- Directing views
- Directing movement
- Spatial definition
- Screening
- Physical control (erosion)
- Climate control
In the year ______ the Continental Congress initiated a rectangular system of diving lands into quadrangles, townships, and sections
1785
Major horizontal divisions in dividing land is called
Baselines
Major vertical divisions in dividing land is called
Meridians
How far apart are baselines and meridians spaced?
24 miles
Meridians and baselines create a square called
Quadrangles
Quadrangles are divided into 6 mile squares called
Townships
A row of townships on the north-south axis is called
Range
A row of townships on the east-west axis is called
Tier
Township is divided into 1 mile (640 ac) squares called
Sections
How many sections are in a township?
36
A section is divided into ____ quadrants
4
A description of land in a township is written from the _____ land division to the identified ______.
Smallest
Quadrangles
What is the Subdivision Map Act in California?
Enables local city to enact ordinances to control the type of subdivision and physical improvements to be constructed within the cities jurisdiction
What are the two main things the Subdivision Map Act does?
- Establishes ordinance to allow city to coordinate lot design, street pattern, draining and sewer collection systems
- Inside each subdivision has to set aside a part for public purposes
What three elements does complete fertilizer?
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (N-P-K)
What is an incomplete fertilizer?
Fertilizer only containing 2 of the primary 3 nutrients
What is a simple fertilizer?
Fertilizer only containing 1 of the primary 3 nutrients
What are the 3 primary plant nutrients?
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
What are the 3 secondary plant nutrients?
Calcium, magnesium, sulfur (also called micronutrients)
What does S Nitrogen do?
Required for formation of proteins, chlorophyll, and enzymes for healthy development of cell structures
What does phosphorus do?
Stimulates early root growth, plant maturity, and flower/ fruit production
What does potassium do?
Stimulates root growth, aids in disease resistance, and improves flower/ fruit production
What does calcium, magnesium, and sulfur do?
Calcium helps cell formation and structure, magnesium helps with photosynthesis, and sulfur is used in protein synthesis
What are the 3 classifications of soil amendments
Chemical, mineral, and organic
What is chlorosis?
Plant has iron deficiency & leaves turn yellow
What is pleaching?
Train shrub ir tree branch in interwoven pattern resulting in vertical hedge form or overheard natural arbor
What is pollarding?
Severe pruning of major deciduous tree limbs when dormant to create large knobby core of branching structure
What are the 12 grades plants are divided into for standards/ sizing?
- Shade and flowering trees
- Deciduous shrubs
- Coniferous evergreens
- Broadleaf evergreens
- Roses
- Young plants
- Fruit trees
- Small fruits
- Understock
- Seedlings
- Bulbs, corns, and tubers
- Christmas trees
Describe the 3 zones of fire safety around structures
- First zone is closest to structure (min.30’) and is the most critical. Less plants, generally level.
- Zone 2 is middle 30’-100’ seasonally maintenanced “green belt”, 5’ clear on tree trunks, space trees min 18’ from each other and try to keep shrubs between 18”-36” ht
- Zone 3 is 100’-300’ with selective maintenance and lots of natives
How high are low level landscape lights? What are they used for?
Less than 6’
Landscape and pathway lighting
How high are intermediate lights? What are these used for?
10’-15’
Pedestrian area light
How high are parking lot and roadway lights? What are they mainly used for?
20’-50’
Street and parking lots, in recreational and conmercial
How high are height mast lights? What are they mainly used for?
60’-100’
Large parking areas, highways, recs
