Section B Flashcards
What are two examples of Edward IV policy of reconciliation failing?
Sir Ralph Percy whom he forgave twice once in 1461, then in 1462, and then he still fought against him at Hedgley moor in 1464.
Secondly, The Duke of Somerset, Henry Beaufort, was pardoned in 1462 and showed genuine friendship by Edward yet he would also die fighting the Yorkists at Hexham in 1464.
What piece of evidence from 1465 showed Edward had some local support?
It was local gentry who turned in Henry VI.
How did Edwards’s policy of conciliation in his first reign aid his limited patronage?
By allowing Lancastrians to keep their titles as a form of patronage Edward saved money as he was not giving away anything new.
How did Edward reward the Neville’s for their loyalty?
Richard was given lord Clifford confiscated estates and his brother John was given the title of Lord Montagu
How did Edward broaden his power base?
By promoting loyal gentry to the nobility such as William Herbert who was made earl of Pembroke and Humphrey Stafford who was made a Baron.
How had financial revenue fallen under Henry VI ?
Henry IV = £90,000
Henry VI = > £24,000
What did B.P Wolffe call Edward’s revamp of the crown lands system?
‘The land revenue experience’
What was the ‘Land revenue experience’?
Edward created a special administration that would assess the value of certain crown lands and adjust their payments accordingly. This changed the rates of rent from fixed to variable rates.
How did Edward change the structure of royal finances?
The old system was based off of a exchequer who had strong control of royal finances. The ‘chamber system of finance’ gave Edward massively increased control of finances, thus reducing chances of embezzlement and making the process of spending funds more efficient.
How important were Edward’s financial policies of his first reign?
Their impact was long term and has little immediate impact the main source of financial recovery was political stability and lack of war abroad.
What was the primary goal of Edwards foreign policy during his first reign?
To avoid war and starve the Lancastrian cause of foreign support.
Why was Edward’s primary foreign policy goal so difficult?
The Lancastrian threat - in Henry VI - had fled to Scotland, and his wife was french royalty.
How did Henry fail to isolate the Lancastrian in 1462?
His meddling in Scottish affairs on the side of James Douglas and attempted bribery of Mary Guelders - regent to James III - failed. Margaret of Anjou was sent to France not handed over.
Why was 1463 turbulent?
A joint Franco-Scottish invasion force invaded in 1463. The force was pushed back over the border by Lord Montagu and Warwick. Moreover, Louis’ expansionist policies needed Burgundian peace and therefore they could not be seen to be supporting the Lancastrians. Therefore there was an Anglo-French truce in October 1463 and a Scottish one in December.
Can 1463 be seen as a strength of Edwards first reign?
To some extent yes to some NO. His strong allies in the Neville’s defended the border but absent french support was as a result of French policy and not Edwards diplomacy.
What was one major personal failing of Edwards foreign policy during his first reign ?
The missed opportunity of a foreign marriage when he married Elizabeth Woodville in May 1464 .
Which European conflict did Edward have to weigh in on from 1466?
Franco-Burgundian
Did Edward side with France or Burgundy (provide evidence) which noble did this anger?
Burgundy
Commercial treaty in 1467
Marriage of his sister Margaret to the future duke of Burgundy Charles 1468.
Warwick
Beyond supporting Burgundy how else did Edward close the door on a French alliance in 1468? How did the French respond?
Alliance with Brittany in 1468.
Sponsoring Jasper Tudors attack on Wales in support of the Lancastrians in 1468. He lost to William Herbert.
what was a longer term impact of angering Louis XI?
He would unite the angered Warwick and the Lancastrians in 1470 and orchestrate the alliance.
Give 4 main reasons for Warwick’s changing loyalty in 1470?
–> Edward’s marriage
–> Foreign policy
–> Credible alternatives
–> Warwick’s declining influence.
What evidence do we have of Warwick’s declining influence?
The rise of the Woodvilles
New men such as Herbert and Hastings. Herbert controlled South Wales and his son married one of the queen’s sisters. Whilst Lord Hastings served as Lord Chamberlain until Edward’s death.
How did Edward’s foreign policy deter Warwick?
Warwick favoured a pro-french alliance for economic gain whilst Edward supported a Burgundian alliance that would be more popular off the back of the 100 years war.
What credible alternatives were there that Warwick may have seen as justification for his betrayal?
–> George Duke of Clarence who he had unsuccessfully requested his daughter marry.
–> Henry VI who was still alive in the tower of London.
What 5 key reasons are their for Edward’s loss of his throne in 1470?
–> Lancastrian strength (Margaret of Anjou
–> The collapse of his narrow power base (Warwick and Clarence)
–> Foreign policy (Louis XI)
–> Edward’s mistakes
–> Discontent in England
If you were to argue the importance of Edward’s mistakes which are crucial?
–> Marriage
–> Alienation of the Nevilles
How did Edward alienate the Neville’s by 1470?
Returned Lord Montagu’s earldom to the Percy family.
Reduced Warwick’s political influence and began ignoring his advice in areas such as foreign policy.
Which two rebellions may have been stirred up by Warwick as a distraction for his escape to Calais?
Robin of Redesdale & Robin of Holderness both in Yorkshire in April 1469.
What happens in July of 1469?
Further rebellion in Nottingham gives Warwick and Clarence time to escape to Calais where Clarence marries Warwick’s daughter Isabel. Warwick then returns to England having released a manifesto similar to that published by Richard Duke of York that targets evil counsellors and not the king directly. The battle of Edgecote would swiftly follow leading to the deaths of Pembroke and Devon as well as the execution of Earl Rivers, Richard Woodville, and John Woodville. Also King Edward was captured.
Why did Warwick have to release Edward ?
To raise an army and crush a Lancastrian uprising in the North
When was the Lincolnshire rebellion and who caused it?
March 1470
Warwick and Clarence
Which rebellion did Warwick and Clarence inspire in 1470?
Lincolnshire
What was the aftermath of the Lincolnshire rebellions defeat?
Warwick and Clarence flee to France where Louis XI suggests they side with Henry VI
How does Warwick cause a distraction for his invasion force in 1470?
Has his brother in law Fitzhugh start a rebellion in the North,
After Warwick lands who deflects to his side causing Edward to flee to Burgundy?
Montagu
What evidence is their to say that Warwick’s alienation was not Edward’s fault and that Warwick’s overambitious nature made betrayal inevitable?
Warwick was very well rewarded for his support. He was made Captain of Calais, constable of Dover Castle, and warden of the East and West marshes of Scotland. His feud with Herbert over Wales shows this ambitious nature as well as his attempts to marry into the royal line.
In the words of historian Christine Carpenter it was ….
“the North that brought Edward down.”
What is a good argument for Lancastrian strength being a factor in Edward losing his crown?
–> French backing
–> Margaret of Anjou’s ability to overcome their animosity,.
–> Solidified by a marriage between Warwick’s daughter Anne and Prince Edward who would rule as regent for his sick father with Warwick by his side.
What evidence do we have of public discontent contributing to Edward’s downfall? yet how can this be attributed to Warwick?
Robin of Redesdale
Robin of Holderness
Rebellion in Nottingham
Rebellion in Lincolnshire
Warwick had a hand in most of if not all of these rebellions, for example upon his return at the battle of Edgecote Rebel Robin of Redesdale was fighting on his side showing the two’s links.
How can Louis XI help in aiding the Lancastrian’s be used to illustrate the consequences of Edward’s mistakes?
Edward favoured a Burgundian alliance over a French one and this meant Louis strived to undermine his rule.
Why was Henry VI’s rule so weak?
Many of the Lancastrian lords were expecting their lands returned but as their lands had been given to Warwick and Clarence who were now ‘on their side’ it was very tricky and made Henry very unpopular. Moreover, in return fro French support in regaining his throne Henry had to go to war with Burgundy, England’s biggest trading partner, a move that upset the people (mainly the merchants who starved him of funding) and nobles such as Exeter and Somerset who believed siding with Burgundy would starve Edward of support.
Why was Edward’s re usurpation so easy ?
His policy of reconciliation meant that when he landed in the North he could march south unopposed.
He had massive Burgundian support 5,000 crowns, 18 ships and 1,200 men.
He reconciled with his brother who helped his army grow another 12,000 due to the huge amount of power he had been granted.
London accepted Edward as he was pro-Burgundy and he owed the merchants money.
Which two key battle cemented Edward’s retaking of the throne?
Battle of Barnet –> Kills Warwick and Montagu
Battle of Tewkesbury –> Captures Henry and Margaret
Which two areas were crucial for Edward to control after regaining his throne ?
Wales and the North
