Section B

Question 1

What are two examples of Edward IV policy of reconciliation failing?

Answer 1

Sir Ralph Percy whom he forgave twice once in 1461, then in 1462, and then he still fought against him at Hedgley moor in 1464.

Secondly, The Duke of Somerset, Henry Beaufort, was pardoned in 1462 and showed genuine friendship by Edward yet he would also die fighting the Yorkists at Hexham in 1464.

Question 2

What piece of evidence from 1465 showed Edward had some local support?

Answer 2

It was local gentry who turned in Henry VI.

Question 3

How did Edwards’s policy of conciliation in his first reign aid his limited patronage?

Answer 3

By allowing Lancastrians to keep their titles as a form of patronage Edward saved money as he was not giving away anything new.

Question 4

How did Edward reward the Neville’s for their loyalty?

Answer 4

Richard was given lord Clifford confiscated estates and his brother John was given the title of Lord Montagu

Question 5

How did Edward broaden his power base?

Answer 5

By promoting loyal gentry to the nobility such as William Herbert who was made earl of Pembroke and Humphrey Stafford who was made a Baron.

Question 6

How had financial revenue fallen under Henry VI ?

Answer 6

Henry IV = £90,000
Henry VI = > £24,000

Question 7

What did B.P Wolffe call Edward’s revamp of the crown lands system?

Answer 7

‘The land revenue experience’

Question 8

What was the ‘Land revenue experience’?

Answer 8

Edward created a special administration that would assess the value of certain crown lands and adjust their payments accordingly. This changed the rates of rent from fixed to variable rates.

Question 9

How did Edward change the structure of royal finances?

Answer 9

The old system was based off of a exchequer who had strong control of royal finances. The ‘chamber system of finance’ gave Edward massively increased control of finances, thus reducing chances of embezzlement and making the process of spending funds more efficient.

Question 10

How important were Edward’s financial policies of his first reign?

Answer 10

Their impact was long term and has little immediate impact the main source of financial recovery was political stability and lack of war abroad.

Question 11

What was the primary goal of Edwards foreign policy during his first reign?

Answer 11

To avoid war and starve the Lancastrian cause of foreign support.

Question 12

Why was Edward’s primary foreign policy goal so difficult?

Answer 12

The Lancastrian threat - in Henry VI - had fled to Scotland, and his wife was french royalty.

Question 13

How did Henry fail to isolate the Lancastrian in 1462?

Answer 13

His meddling in Scottish affairs on the side of James Douglas and attempted bribery of Mary Guelders - regent to James III - failed. Margaret of Anjou was sent to France not handed over.

Question 14

Why was 1463 turbulent?

Answer 14

A joint Franco-Scottish invasion force invaded in 1463. The force was pushed back over the border by Lord Montagu and Warwick. Moreover, Louis’ expansionist policies needed Burgundian peace and therefore they could not be seen to be supporting the Lancastrians. Therefore there was an Anglo-French truce in October 1463 and a Scottish one in December.

Question 15

Can 1463 be seen as a strength of Edwards first reign?

Answer 15

To some extent yes to some NO. His strong allies in the Neville’s defended the border but absent french support was as a result of French policy and not Edwards diplomacy.

Question 16

What was one major personal failing of Edwards foreign policy during his first reign ?

Answer 16

The missed opportunity of a foreign marriage when he married Elizabeth Woodville in May 1464 .

Question 17

Which European conflict did Edward have to weigh in on from 1466?

Answer 17

Franco-Burgundian

Question 18

Did Edward side with France or Burgundy (provide evidence) which noble did this anger?

Answer 18

Burgundy
Commercial treaty in 1467
Marriage of his sister Margaret to the future duke of Burgundy Charles 1468.
Warwick

Question 19

Beyond supporting Burgundy how else did Edward close the door on a French alliance in 1468? How did the French respond?

Answer 19

Alliance with Brittany in 1468.

Sponsoring Jasper Tudors attack on Wales in support of the Lancastrians in 1468. He lost to William Herbert.

Question 20

what was a longer term impact of angering Louis XI?

Answer 20

He would unite the angered Warwick and the Lancastrians in 1470 and orchestrate the alliance.

Question 21

Give 4 main reasons for Warwick’s changing loyalty in 1470?

Answer 21

–> Edward’s marriage
–> Foreign policy
–> Credible alternatives
–> Warwick’s declining influence.

Question 22

What evidence do we have of Warwick’s declining influence?

Answer 22

The rise of the Woodvilles
New men such as Herbert and Hastings. Herbert controlled South Wales and his son married one of the queen’s sisters. Whilst Lord Hastings served as Lord Chamberlain until Edward’s death.

Question 23

How did Edward’s foreign policy deter Warwick?

Answer 23

Warwick favoured a pro-french alliance for economic gain whilst Edward supported a Burgundian alliance that would be more popular off the back of the 100 years war.

Question 24

What credible alternatives were there that Warwick may have seen as justification for his betrayal?

Answer 24

–> George Duke of Clarence who he had unsuccessfully requested his daughter marry.
–> Henry VI who was still alive in the tower of London.

Question 25

What 5 key reasons are their for Edward's loss of his throne in 1470?

Answer 25

--> Lancastrian strength (Margaret of Anjou --> The collapse of his narrow power base (Warwick and Clarence) --> Foreign policy (Louis XI) --> Edward's mistakes --> Discontent in England

Question 26

If you were to argue the importance of Edward's mistakes which are crucial?

Answer 26

--> Marriage --> Alienation of the Nevilles

Question 27

How did Edward alienate the Neville's by 1470?

Answer 27

Returned Lord Montagu's earldom to the Percy family. Reduced Warwick's political influence and began ignoring his advice in areas such as foreign policy.

Question 28

Which two rebellions may have been stirred up by Warwick as a distraction for his escape to Calais?

Answer 28

Robin of Redesdale & Robin of Holderness both in Yorkshire in April 1469.

Question 29

What happens in July of 1469?

Answer 29

Further rebellion in Nottingham gives Warwick and Clarence time to escape to Calais where Clarence marries Warwick's daughter Isabel. Warwick then returns to England having released a manifesto similar to that published by Richard Duke of York that targets evil counsellors and not the king directly. The battle of Edgecote would swiftly follow leading to the deaths of Pembroke and Devon as well as the execution of Earl Rivers, Richard Woodville, and John Woodville. Also King Edward was captured.

Question 30

Why did Warwick have to release Edward ?

Answer 30

To raise an army and crush a Lancastrian uprising in the North

Question 31

When was the Lincolnshire rebellion and who caused it?

Answer 31

March 1470 Warwick and Clarence

Question 32

Which rebellion did Warwick and Clarence inspire in 1470?

Answer 32

Lincolnshire

Question 33

What was the aftermath of the Lincolnshire rebellions defeat?

Answer 33

Warwick and Clarence flee to France where Louis XI suggests they side with Henry VI

Question 34

How does Warwick cause a distraction for his invasion force in 1470?

Answer 34

Has his brother in law Fitzhugh start a rebellion in the North,

Question 35

After Warwick lands who deflects to his side causing Edward to flee to Burgundy?

Answer 35

Montagu

Question 36

What evidence is their to say that Warwick's alienation was not Edward's fault and that Warwick's overambitious nature made betrayal inevitable?

Answer 36

Warwick was very well rewarded for his support. He was made Captain of Calais, constable of Dover Castle, and warden of the East and West marshes of Scotland. His feud with Herbert over Wales shows this ambitious nature as well as his attempts to marry into the royal line.

Question 37

In the words of historian Christine Carpenter it was ....

Answer 37

"the North that brought Edward down."

Question 38

What is a good argument for Lancastrian strength being a factor in Edward losing his crown?

Answer 38

--> French backing --> Margaret of Anjou's ability to overcome their animosity,. --> Solidified by a marriage between Warwick's daughter Anne and Prince Edward who would rule as regent for his sick father with Warwick by his side.

Question 39

What evidence do we have of public discontent contributing to Edward's downfall? yet how can this be attributed to Warwick?

Answer 39

Robin of Redesdale Robin of Holderness Rebellion in Nottingham Rebellion in Lincolnshire Warwick had a hand in most of if not all of these rebellions, for example upon his return at the battle of Edgecote Rebel Robin of Redesdale was fighting on his side showing the two's links.

Question 40

How can Louis XI help in aiding the Lancastrian's be used to illustrate the consequences of Edward's mistakes?

Answer 40

Edward favoured a Burgundian alliance over a French one and this meant Louis strived to undermine his rule.

Question 41

Why was Henry VI's rule so weak?

Answer 41

Many of the Lancastrian lords were expecting their lands returned but as their lands had been given to Warwick and Clarence who were now 'on their side' it was very tricky and made Henry very unpopular. Moreover, in return fro French support in regaining his throne Henry had to go to war with Burgundy, England's biggest trading partner, a move that upset the people (mainly the merchants who starved him of funding) and nobles such as Exeter and Somerset who believed siding with Burgundy would starve Edward of support.

Question 42

Why was Edward's re usurpation so easy ?

Answer 42

His policy of reconciliation meant that when he landed in the North he could march south unopposed. He had massive Burgundian support 5,000 crowns, 18 ships and 1,200 men. He reconciled with his brother who helped his army grow another 12,000 due to the huge amount of power he had been granted. London accepted Edward as he was pro-Burgundy and he owed the merchants money.

Question 43

Which two key battle cemented Edward's retaking of the throne?

Answer 43

Battle of Barnet --> Kills Warwick and Montagu Battle of Tewkesbury --> Captures Henry and Margaret

Question 44

Which two areas were crucial for Edward to control after regaining his throne ?

Answer 44

Wales and the North

Question 45

How did Edward previously control the Wales and how did this differ in his second reign?

Answer 45

William Herbert Earl of Pembroke was extremely successful in his first reign but after his death following Warwick's rebellion his son proved to be not so useful. In 1479 he removed his earldom and established the council of Wales.

Question 46

How successful was the council of Wales?

Answer 46

Some reports show a decline in lawlessness. NO major rebellions over this area such as Warwick's in his first reign. Richard III would steal this tactic and establish a council in the North during his reign.

Question 47

What evidence do we have of the North being an issue in Edward's first reign?

Answer 47

Robin of Redesdale Robin of Holderness Lincolnshire rebellion On top of these revolts it was also the lands owned by the Nevilles.

Question 48

How did Edward choose to control the North in his second reign?

Answer 48

He divided the Neville estates between Henry Percy Earl of Northumberland and his brother Richard Duke of Gloucester.

Question 49

How successful was Edward's control of the North?

Answer 49

Very However, in hindsight the extensive control he gave his brother Richard is what allowed him to overthrow Edward V.

Question 50

Why is it debatable as to whether Edward's second reign had successful policy towards Ireland?

Answer 50

They posed no threat but the Earls of Kildare had such control that Edward could not instill his own deputies such as Lord Grey in 1478 who only lasted 1 year before returning home.

Question 51

How did Edward continue his usage of 'new men' in his second reign?

Answer 51

William Parr was lord of the royal household Bishop Morton was an administrator under Henry VI but his talents were so appreciated that he would serve through to Henry VII Hastings would continue to serve as Edward's lord chamberlain.

Question 52

How strong was Edwards control of law and order?

Answer 52

Despite facing rebellion immediately from Warwick's cousin Thomas, Bastard of Faucenbourg, in Kent Edward would have a strong grip on law and order. He would replace nobles who failed to control their lands such as William Herbert who was removed in 1478. The earl of Oxford was the last Lancastrian revolt in 1473 and he failed miserably despite rumours of support from France and Clarence.

Question 53

Which two areas of the law was Edward less successful in his second reign?

Answer 53

Inheritance laws which he would frequently manipulate to increase his family holdings. Retainer laws which he passed in 1468 were largely inefficient and nobles maintained their personal army's but the stability Edward created meant they were not put to use against each other.

Question 54

Which particular incident gave Edward a reputation for firm justice?

Answer 54

The execution of his brother clarence in 1478 for treason.

Question 55

What was one of the strongest areas of Edward's policy during his second reign?

Answer 55

Finances

Question 56

What evidence do we have of Edward having successful financial policy from his second reign ?

Answer 56

He inherited £350,000 of debt and died solvent Avoidance of war meant that trade was hindered less by piracy. Treaty of Picquigny 1475 secured a 50,000 gold crown pension

Question 57

How did Edward's policy towards France anger the English people?

Answer 57

He was granted taxes to invade France then only spent a quarter of the money and signed a truce. This upset the English people in terms of money and honour.

Question 58

What benefits did the 1475 Treaty of Picquigny have?

Answer 58

50,000 crown pension 75,000 crown one off payment Beneficiary trade agreements 10 year truce An agreement to support each other against rebellions No secret alliances with other countries.

Question 59

How had Edward been outmanoeuvred by 1482?

Answer 59

His attempts to negotiate with Burgundy through a treaty in 1480 were undermined. Louis and Maximillian signed the Treaty of Arras in 1482 and cut Edward out of their alliance leaving him without allies or a pension.

Question 60

Summarise Edward's policy towards Scotland post 1475?

Answer 60

Edward tried his best to steer clear of Scotland focussing instead on balancing relations with Burgundy and France. His daughter Cecily was betrothed to James IV prince of Scotland in 1474. French encouragement led to a string of Scottish border raids in 1480 which led to a retaliatory campaign by Gloucester in 1482 which was hugely successful as he captured Edinburgh and the king. However, he failed to capitalise on this in negotiations and Berwick was the only substantial permanent gain which is a huge let down given his military success.

Question 61

What 4 key factors contributed to Richard's successful usurpation?

Answer 61

--> Divisions at court --> Richard's large power base --> Richard's ruthlessness and speed --> Edward V weakness

Question 62

Which factor was undeniably pivotal in Richards usurpation?

Answer 62

Edward IV's early death leaving 12 year old Edward V on the throne

Question 63

Why was Richard so powerful and how did this aid him?

Answer 63

Richard was constantly rewarded for his loyalty mainly through Warwick's estates in the North which made him hugely powerful. When faced y Woodville resistance in June of 1483 it was his allies in Northumberland and York in the North who supported him.

Question 64

What were the reasons for the divisions in English court upon Edward IV's death?

Answer 64

The Woodville's were highly unpopular. They were greedy, high handed, and entirely self interested. Elizabeth Woodville did not get along with her husbands advisors mainly Hastings and Buckingham. Elizabeth's attempt to cut Richard out of her husbands wishes by choosing not to inform him of his death made her appear power hungry.

Question 65

Who helped Richard ?

Answer 65

Hastings who warned him of the queens actions as he had encouraged Edward's womanising. Ratcliff and Lovell who he had worked with up North Buckingham who felt left out and had his birthright, control of the Suoth, squandered.

Question 66

How did Richard act swiftly?

Answer 66

He went South from York and intercepted Edward V on route to London and captured his uncle Anthony, Earl Rivers.

Question 67

How was Richard ruthless?

Answer 67

Arrested and executed without trial Earl Rivers, Richard Grey, Thomas Vaughan, and Lord Hastings. Preached propaganda of his own mother's illicit relations to bring into question the legitimacy of his dead Brother Edward. Brought into question the legitimacy of the princes by bringing into question the legitimacy of their father's marriage The disappearance of the princes.

Question 68

What evidence do we have of Edward V being weak? How is this exemplified by recent history?

Answer 68

Edward wasn't of age meaning a power struggle was bound to ensure over his regency and or council. This is exemplified by the recent memory of the factional government that formed from Henry VI regency. Many nobles feared this would be replicated by the Woodville's.

Question 69

What year was Richard III crowned ?

Answer 69

1483

Question 70

Why was Richard always facing an uphill battle for his reign?

Answer 70

The manner in which he seized the throne.

Question 71

Which of Edward's reforms did Richard continue?

Answer 71

Financial policy Using men of ability Copied Edward's council of Wales idea for controlling the North.

Question 72

Which area of government did richard successfully reform?

Answer 72

The law He established legal aid for the poor and impartial and swift justice.

Question 73

When was Buckingham's rebellion ?

Answer 73

1483

Question 74

After crushing Buckingham's rebellion how did Richard secure the South and why was it unpopular?

Answer 74

Richard wanted to secure possible landings for Henry Tudor with men he could trust and so he placed Northern nobles in the South which was hugely unpopular.

Question 75

Why did many nobles support Richard III? Name a few

Answer 75

Their reason fro supporting Richard was a hatred for the Woodville's and they had no desire to cut Edward V from his throne. Thomas Bourchier and William Norrey's who tried to rescue the princes from the tower.

Question 76

What were Richard's two main foreign policy goals ?

Answer 76

--> Support the Duke of Albany in taking the Scottish throne --> Isolate Henry Tudor

Question 77

How was Richard's foreign policy a complete failure?

Answer 77

The Duke of Albany's campaign was a complete failure leading to Richard signing a truce with Scotland in 1484. The Duke of Brittany was offered Henry's earldom of Richmond in return for him, but they simply let Henry escape to France where he received support.

Question 78

Why did Richard lose at Bosworth field?

Answer 78

Primarily, because his already narrow power base was undermined by indecision . The betrayal of the Stanley's meant he faced a battle on two fronts and was crushed.

Question 79

Which Italian Clergy man described Richard as having an "insane lust for power"?

Answer 79

Dominic Mancini

Question 80

Why could it be argued that Richard acted out of self-preservation?

Answer 80

Edward V preferential treatment of Anthony Earl Rivers as well as Elizabeth Woodville's attempts to cut him out meant that a Woodville dominant clique was likely and Richard would lose all influence.

Question 81

Why does Richard's swift and ruthless nature undermine the idea that he acted out of self-preservation?

Answer 81

Once he had ruthlessly removed the threat of Anthony Earl Rivers and pushed the remaining Woodville's into hiding taking out Hastings and the princes had nothing to do with securing his power but instead advancing it.

Question 82

What early measures did Henry VII take to secure his throne?

Answer 82

1486 --> Marriage to Elizabeth of York unites the two families Yorkist who did not proclaim loyalty such as Warwick were sent tot the tower. Loyal ones such as the Earl of Lincoln and Northumberland were rewarded.

Question 83

What are two key weaknesses of Henry Tudor when he took the throne?

Answer 83

--> Weak royal claim --> Largely unknown after 14 years in exile

Question 84

Which early rebellions did Henry VII put down ?

Answer 84

Lovell conspiracy Unrest in wales from the Herberts

Question 85

What happened during the Yorkshire rebellion 1489?

Answer 85

Earl of Northumberland was murdered attempting to collected a government granted tax for war against France. Shows civil unrest. It was crushed but the money wasn't collected.

Question 86

How was the Cornish rebellion of 1497 similar to the Yorkshire rebellion?

Answer 86

Whilst Yorkshire felt they were to far North to fund a war against the French in the South the Cornish felt they were too far South to fund the defence of the Northern border. The rebellion was similarly crushed.

Question 87

When was the Yorkshire rebellion and when was the Cornish rebellion and what do these show?

Answer 87

1489 1497 Civil unrest towards parliamentary taxes.

Question 88

Which country amplified the Yorkist threat for Henry VII ?

Answer 88

Burgundy specifically Margaret of Burgundy the sister of Edward IV and Richard III.

Question 89

How did Margaret of Burgundy support Lambert Simnel ?

Answer 89

2,000 mercenaries

Question 90

Which prominent Yorkist previously forgiven by Henry VII joined Lambert Simnel ?

Answer 90

Earl of Lincoln

Question 91

Why did Lambert Simnel fail?

Answer 91

lack of public support

Question 92

Why was Perkin Warbeck harder to disprove than Lambert Simnel ?

Answer 92

the real earl of Warwick was still alive and could be paraded around London. Richard, of Shrewsbury Duke of York, Prince in the tower, was dead and therefore couldn't be paraded about.

Question 93

How did Henry VII repeatedly use tactful foreign policy to starve Perkin Warbeck of support?

Answer 93

Etaples 1492 Magnus intercursus 1496 Truce of Ayton 1497

Question 94

Which rebellion did Perkin Warbeck attempt to capitalise on showing the threat of public discontent?

Answer 94

Cornish Rebellion 1497

Question 95

How was the threat of the De La Pole neutralised from 1504-06?

Answer 95

in 1504 henry passed 51 acts of attainder against the De La Pole family and their associates. In 1506 with storms forcing the Duke of Burgundy onto English shores Henry was able to pressure him to hand over Suffolk.

Question 96

Why was the nobility such as threat? How did Henry VII control the nobility?

Answer 96

As seen in the reigns of both Henry VI and Edward IV nobles that A.Grant deems "Super nobles" had massive political power and a huge amount of land. Henry reduced the size of the peerage from 50-35 and major nobles from 16-10. He also used heavy amounts of acts of attainder and acts of resumption to replenish the crown lands. Henry VII had 5x more land than Henry VI. The council learned in the law issued Bonds and recognisances (36/62 noble families).

Question 97

Beyond bonds and recognisances how else did Henry VII use economics to control his nobility?

Answer 97

Feudal rights Fines for retaining

Question 98

How much was the fine for retaining?

Answer 98

£5 per month per retainer

Question 99

How did Henry VII foreign policy aid his domestic aims?

Answer 99

An absence of war meant greater prosperity. War was also a divisive issue as seen by Henry VI counsellors and their division over the French war, avoiding this kept a united council.

Question 100

What new type of patronage did Henry invent to reduce the power of the nobles?

Answer 100

Knights of the Garter = great honour awarded for excellent service but had no lands or titles attached.

Question 101

How well did Henry manage difficult regions such as the North, Wales, and Ireland?

Answer 101

Ireland = followed trends of the period with attempts to establish greater political control ending in the Earl of Kildare being appointed governor. Continued the council of Wales headed by his son Arthur and due to the defeat of the Herbert's and Vaughan's the area was controlled effectively. After the death of Northumberland the North was controlled by a council headed by Surrey a good choice from Henry as he had vested interest in the area as the restoration of his estates depended on his success.

Question 102

How was law and order improved?

Answer 102

JP's had their roles improved and the social status of being one rose. Avoidance of war and taxes. Increased centralised control through the council in the North. Increased control over nobles through acts of attainder and bonds and recognisances.

Question 103

What 3 main ways did Henry VII aim to improve royal finances?

Answer 103

--> Increase extraordinary revenue --> Exploit sources of ordinary revenue --> reorganise the financial administration

Question 104

How much did henry VII change the financial administration?

Answer 104

After a brief relapse to the Exchequer system Henry stuck with Edward IV camber system of finance as it gave him greater control .

Question 105

How much did the income from corn lands improve from Richard III death to 1509?

Answer 105

29,000 --> 42,000

Question 106

How much did income from feudal dues increase across Henry's reign?

Answer 106

from £350 to £6,000

Question 107

What was Henry VII total income per annum

Answer 107

£113,000 which allowed him to reach solvency

Question 108

How much id Medina Del campo improve trade revenue

Answer 108

33 - 40,000

Question 109

Which two area's did Henry VII fail to improve trade

Answer 109

The Hanseatic league and the New World.

Question 110

How many times did Henry VII call parliament ?

Answer 110

Seven

Question 111

When did Henry issue a trade embargo on Burgundy ? Why?

Answer 111

1493 For harbouring Perkin Warbeck