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(11) History 1 > Section A3 - Post-war America: consumerism, civil rights and the Great Society > Flashcards

Section A3 - Post-war America: consumerism, civil rights and the Great Society Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the NOW stand for?

A

The National Organisation for Women (1966)

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2
Q

What did the NOW include?

A
  • Feminist author Betty Friedan (published Feminine Mystique 1963)
  • Drafted Bill of Rights for Women at first national conference
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3
Q

What did the NOW Bill of Rights want? (7)

A
  • enforce laws banning sexual discrimination at the workplace
  • maternity leave rights
  • social security benefits
  • child day-care centres
  • equal education
  • right for women to control their reproductive lives
  • allowances or women in poverty
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4
Q

Which act ruled that contraception should be legally available to unmarried couples?

A

Supreme Court Ruling on Equal Rights 1972

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5
Q

Which act legalised abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy?

A

Roe VS Wade (1973) still stands

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6
Q

What protests were done during the feminist movements of the 1960s and 1970s? (4)

A
  • protests against male sexism
  • men’s clubs invaded and criticised
  • sexist magazines publicly burned
  • “women’s lib” supporters burned women magazines about cooking, child rearing, taking care of the home
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7
Q

When did universities have to accept women?

A

1972

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8
Q

Which acts enforced equal pay?

A
  • Equal Pay Act (1963)
    however this was ignored and there were exceptions
  • Equal Rights Amendment (1972)
    some exceptions were removed but women’s pay still 70% of men’s
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9
Q

Who opposed to the feminist movements and why?

A
  • Working class women more concerned with equal pay than abortion
  • Religious groups used passages from the bible to justify male domination (brought conflict particularly old against young)
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10
Q

What happened in the Brown vs Board of education, in Topeka (1954)?

A
  • a girl, Linda Brown couldn’t join her local white-only school
  • the NAACP brought a court case against the Board of Education in Topeka (to test the reaction)
  • It was ruled that segregated education wasn’t equal - all Southern states to open integrated schools “with all deliberate speed”
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11
Q

What happened in the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-6)?

A
  • Montgomery law that blacks only allowed in middle/back of bus and had to give up seats to whites
  • Rosa Parks arrested and convicted
  • Montgomery Improvement Association formed and boycotted the buses - 15,000 listened to MLK (MIA president)
  • company lost 65% of income
  • Rosa Parks case went to court and segregation on public transport was deemed illegal
  • Opposition as King arrested twice, snipers shot at integrated buses, churches and homes burnt
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12
Q

What happened in Little Rock, Arkansas (1955-6)?

A
  • in 1957 Supreme Court ordered governor of Arkansas, Faubus to let 8 black children to white high school
  • Faubus sent state troopers to stop the children as he “couldn’t guarantee their safety”
  • Faubus didn’t stop until Eisenhower sent troops to protect the children
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13
Q

What happened in the Greensboro sit-ins (1960)?

A
  • Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee - started campaign to end segregated restaurants (Woolworths made blacks stand)
  • Organised sit-ins at lunch - 400 students in first week
  • End of 1960 lunch counters integrated in 126 cities
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14
Q

What happened in the Freedom rides (1961)?

A
  • CORE members ignored bus integration laws in Birmingham - faced violence
  • SNCC joined - 200 protestors 40 days in jail and nothing was done until pressure from Kennedy
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15
Q

What happened with MLK and the March on Washington (1963)?

A

MLK organised 200,000 black peoole and 50,000 white - people to march on Washington to pressure Kennedy to pass a Civil rights Bill
- No violence MLK have “I have a dream” speech - had big impact on public opinion

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16
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act (1964) do?

A
  • Made it illegal for local government to discriminate against blacks in areas such as housing and employment
  • Following this MLK encouraged blacks to register to vote
  • helped my many young white Americans who travelled from northern states to the south
  • Over next 20 months 430,000 registered to vote
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17
Q

How many black Americans registered to vote following the Civil Rights Act?

A

430,000 over the next 20 months of the act

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18
Q

What did the Selma March (1965) do?

A
  • MLK targeted areas where discrimination was worst and tried to encourage more blacks to vote
  • organised voting march in Selma, Alabama where population was 29,000 with 15,000 blacks and only 335 registered to vote
  • Clark racist sheriff banned the march
  • 600 marched anyway (without MLK) and were attacked - media dubbed “Bloody Sunday” and the violence shocked americans
  • MLK rearranges march but they only travelled short distance
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19
Q

What did the Voting Rights Act (1965) do?

A

Allowed government agents to inspect voting procedures to make sure it was taking place properly (blacks were allowed to vote)
Literacy tests were ended
5 major cities including Detroit and Cleveland had black mayors
Selma blacks started voting and Clark lost his job

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20
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act 1968 do?

A

Housing could not be sold or rented on the basis of race, religion, national origin or sex

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21
Q

What happened to US GNP during the 1950s?

A

it doubled

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22
Q

What happened to “The American Dream” after WW2?

A
  • most Americans wanted to be part of the American Dream:
  • many white Americans moved to the suburbs and relied on cars
  • as wealth increased, luxury goods were bought and economic growth continued
  • 1960 - living standard was 3 times higher than the average british person
  • shopping and advertising became popular
  • hire purchase became the norm, saving up for something became less popular
  • compared to 1920s, wealth was better spread across society but many people still did not benefit
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23
Q

Why was the term “teenagers” introduced?

A
  • 1940 when they had more free time and money than youth in the past
  • by the 1950s, they became associated with rebellion
  • teenage rebels shown in films e.g. James Dean - thought to be unsuitable role models by parents
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24
Q

What happened to television after WW2?

A
  • tv ownership increased from 0.4% - 83.2% (1948-58)
  • dominated by commercial sponsors, which often determined household buying
  • game shows and soap operas dominated the screens but news became increasingly popular
  • post war baby boom meant increase in children tv
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25
Q

How good was US living standard in 1960?

A

3 times higher than that of a british person

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26
Q

Give an example of a teenage rebel shown in film in the 1950s?

A

James Dean

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27
Q

How much did tv ownership increase after the war?

A

1948-58 - 0.45 - 83.25

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28
Q

How did music culture change after the war?

A
  • beat music of the 1940s transformed into rock n roll in the 50s - popular with rebellious teens
  • singers e.g. Elvis Presley emerged - sexy persona shocked parents - 170 hit singles and over 80 top-selling albums
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29
Q

How many hit singles did Elvis Presley have (1950s rock n roll)?

A

170 hit singles

30
Q

What were the causes of prosperity in post-war America?

A
  • The Second World War
  • Post-War federal government policies
  • Cold War military spending
31
Q

How was WW2 a cause of prosperity?

A
  • government spent $250 million per day on WW2 - much of this given to US factories - so factory worker wages were high throughout the war
  • other than attack on Pearl Harbour 1941, America wasn’t invaded so people could spend money on goods - helping the economy to boom
32
Q

How much did the government spend on WW2?

A

$250 per day

33
Q

How did post-war federal government policies cause prosperity in America?

A
  • Truman suggested enlarging the New Deal (unemployment insurance, minimum wage increase, slum clearance and public works schemes)
  • Truman followed the year with rapid demobilisation so US troops returned home - by 1950 there were only 600,000 soldiers
  • Servicemen’s Readjustment Act 1944 set aside $13 billion to spend on veteran soldiers incl. education, medical expenses, housing loans etc
34
Q

How many soldiers were there by 1950?

A

just 600,000 (due to Truman’s rapid demobilisation)

35
Q

How much was set aside to be spent on veteran soldiers following WW2 and which act was this called?

A
  • $13 billion

- in the The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act 1944

36
Q

How was the Cold War military spending a cause for America?

A
  • at the end of WW2, Europe owed $11.5 billion
  • Marchall Plan 1947 promised a further $17 billion for Europe to kickstart their economies - by 1951, US spent $13 billion on helping Europeans recover from the effects of war
37
Q

How much was owed to America by Europe following WW2?

A

$11.5 billion

38
Q

What was McCarthyism?

A

The Red Scare of the 1950s

39
Q

How much money did the USA spend on helping Europe recover from WW2?

A

$13 billion by 1951

40
Q

How did external factors cause McCarthyism?

A
  1. Feb, July 1945 - Yalta and Potsdam conferences (US, UK, USSR discuss what to do with Germany when war ends - many disagreements over harshness of treatment)
  2. 1945-48 - Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe (Stalin wanted “sphere of influence” over East to protect USSR from invasion, this was agreed and Stalin thought he could take over these countries - took Poland, East Germany, Romania etc in this time)
  3. 1947 Truman Doctrine stated “for every communist action there would be an equal American reaction”
  4. 1948 Marshall Plan gave $17 billion to Western Europe to protect from communism
  5. June 1948 Stalin began a blockade of West Berlin to take from US control
  6. May 1949 Stalin gave up as he couldn’t beat USA
  7. 1949 china became communist and USSR developed atom bomb
  8. 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation formed, members of NATO agree to defend each other from USSR
  9. 1950-53 Korean War - USA worried about communist strength as China and USSR help NK
41
Q

What did Stalin want at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences?

A

a “sphere of influence” over Eastern Europe - Poland, Romania and West Berlin made communist by force

42
Q

How much was given to Western Europe to help defend themselves from communism in 1948?

A

Marshall Plan gave $17 billion

43
Q

How did internal factors cause McCarthyism?

A

M - Marshall (general, Korean War) and Eisenhower accused by McCarthy of being communist
C - China turning communist 1949 and Korean War 1950 (led people to think it would spread to USA)
C - Communist sympathisers accused (to anyone who didn’t respect “American values”)
A - Alger Hiss (communist spy found in US government and convicted in Jan 1950)
R - “Red under every bed” (famous McCarthy slogan, he started his campaign against communism in 1950)
T - Talented hollywood workers sacked (Hollywood blacklist had 150 names who lost jobs)
H - House Committee of Un-American Activities (set up to investigate communist sympathisers in America)
Y - Years of communist fear growing since Red Scare 1919
I - Irresponsible bully (label given to McCarthy after his claims found to have no evidence - US reputation had been damaged)
S - “Security Risks” sacked on very little evidence (as it was difficult to prove loyalty to US, people accused their friends)
M - (1) million files (kept on suspected communists in the FBI under Hoover)

44
Q

What were the Jim Crow Laws?

A
  • laws that segregated the use of public facilities (e.g. parks, buses, schools)
45
Q

When were blacks given the right to vote?

A

1870

46
Q

Why did many blacks not vote in the 1950s?

A
  • states used techniques e.g. in Mississippi who registered to vote were intimidated or even lynched - only 5% registered to vote as a result
47
Q

How were blacks discriminated against in employment and education in the 50s?

A
  1. in some Southern states, white teachers earned 30% more than black teachers
  2. 1958 Clemson King (black American teacher) committed to mental asylum for applying to the University of Mississippi
48
Q

What was the Nation of Islam?

A

A black nationalism movement in the 1960s that attracted black Americans who were frustrated with the lack of progress by the peaceful protest movement - headed by Elijah Muhammad with influential members e.g. Muhammad Ali (boxer) and Malcolm X

49
Q

What did Malcolm X want and what happened to him?

A

wanted a separate black state and use force if necessary - assassinated in 1965

50
Q

What was the Student non-violent Coordinating Committee?

A
  • initially a non-violent civil rights campaign in 1960, but became radical in 1966 when Carmichael who criticised King and wanted “black power”
51
Q

Who were The Black Panthers?

A
  • v radical black nationalist group
  • 2000 members - political party and small private army
  • believed black Americans should arm themselves and force whites to give them rights
  • clashed with police and killed 9 police officers 1967-9
52
Q

What were the features of the race riots in 1965-7?

A
  • took place in the north because there was a large black population
  • most race riots started due to police relationships
  • in the north there was still a divide along racial lines
  • police were mostly white, blacks felt as if they didn’t have the same protection whites did
  • Watts riot in Los Angeles 1965 involved 30,000 protesters
  • Detroit riots in 1967 resulted in 7,000 arrests
53
Q

When was the Watts riot and how many were involved?

A

Los Angeles 1965 - 30,000 protesters

54
Q

When was the Detroit riots and how many arrests were made?

A

1967 - resulting in 7,000 arrests (in Detroit)

55
Q

What was the impact of the black power movement?

A
  1. unhappiness of black Americans brought to politician attention
  2. alarmed the public and alienated whites who may have eventually supported the movement
  3. movement partly responsible for race riots 1965-7
  4. misrepresented in the media, stories based off ignorance, issues weren’t understood
  5. movement opposed by blacks e.g. Roy Wilkins who said it gave an excuse to arrest peaceful protesters
56
Q

What were Kennedy’s reforms (1960, before the Great Society)?

A
  1. extension of unemployment benefit
  2. aid to poor cities to improve housing/transport
  3. increase in social security benefit
  4. aid to economically distressed areas
  5. expansion of rural electrification help for farmers
57
Q

What did Johnson do following Kennedy’s assassination in 1963?

A
  • continued Kennedy’s policies which he named the “Great Society” and had 3 laws approved by congress
58
Q

What were the 3 laws that Johnson introduced?

A
  • The Economic Opportunity Act 1964 (training to disadvantaged 16-21 year olds and volunteers to teach/work in low-income areas)
  • Medicare and Medicaid 1965 (medical insurance to over-65s and hospital care for the poor)
  • The Development Act 1964 (provided money for replacing slums with new houses)
59
Q

When was the Economic Opportunity act and what did it do?

A
  • The Economic Opportunity Act 1964 (provided training to disadvantaged youths aged 16-21 and recruited volunteers to teach/work in low-income areas)
60
Q

When was Medicare and Medicaid introduced and what did they do?

A
  • Medicare and Medicaid 1965 (medical insurance to over-65s and hospital care for the poor)
61
Q

When was The Development Act and what did it do?

A
  • The Development Act 1964 (provided money for replacing slums with new houses)
62
Q

What were the criticisms to Johnson’s reforms (The Great Society)?

A
  • Republicans hated the limitations placed on people’s freedoms
  • black Americans still lived in poor housing
  • Great Society work was drowned put by publicity of Vietnam War and became how he was remembered - did not stand for re-election (which was rare)
63
Q

How can the Great Society can be seen as a success?

A

G - Gave money to help on education ($1.5 billion) and Kennedy’s Housing Act ($5 billion on city housing)
R - Rent supplements 1966 helped people who couldn’t afford it
E - Elderly (over-65) helped with Medicare, even republicans helped get the bill through congress
A - Appalachian Mountains housing and quality of life improved with $1.1 billion - 240,000 houses built in 1965 and Weaver hired to help with housing developments (first black member of President’s cabinet)
T - Traffic Safety Act set minimum standards for car/road safety

64
Q

How can the Great Society can be seen as a success?

A

N - negligent white. middle-class state officials chose not to hand out payments to cover medical bills for the poor (and most vulnerable in general) - money also often “disappeared”
O - over-65s got free healthcare which meant hospitals increased the cost of procedures as they knew it was paid for by Medicare
T - taxes increased to pay for Great Society and Vietnam War - people didn’t have disposable income and poverty stayed at 14% throughout the 60s and did not decrease

65
Q

How many were under the poverty line during the 1960s?

A

14% - this did not decrease despite the Great Society

66
Q

How much money was spent on primary and secondary education during the Great Society?

A

$1.5 billion

67
Q

How much money was spent in Kennedy’s Housing Act?

A

$5 billion on city housing

68
Q

How much money was spent on the Appalachian Mountains?

A

$1.1 billion

69
Q

How many houses were built in 1965?

A

240,000

70
Q

Who was Weaver?

A

the first black member of the president’s cabinet, who was hired by Johnson with housing developments

(11) History 1 (6 decks)

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