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Physics GCSE > Section 7 - Matter > Flashcards

Section 7 - Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

What is density?

A

Mass per unit volume

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2
Q

What is the density equation?

A 
p = m / V
Density = Mass / Volume
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3
Q

What does density determine?

A

Whether an object can floatr

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4
Q

What must the density of a solid object to float be?

A

Lower average density than the fluid

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5
Q

How do you find the density of a substance?

A

Weight its mass and measures its volume

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6
Q

How can you find the mass and volume of a liquid?

A

Add into a measure cylinder and weigh and find volume

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7
Q

How can you find volume of prism or cube?

A

Calculate volume (maths)

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8
Q

How can you find the density of an object which isn’t a regular shape?

A

Add water in to a density bottle and find the volume of water before and after adding the object
Then plug the change of volume into density

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9
Q

An object has a mass of 0.45kg and a volume of 75cm^3

Calculate its density in kg/m^3

A

75cm^3 = 7.5e-5

P = m / V
P = 0.45 / 7.5e-5
P = 6000 kg/m^3`
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10
Q

What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?

A

In a physical change the only the FORM of a substance changes where as in a chemical change new substances are CREATED by the reaction

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11
Q

Where is the thermal energy in a substance held?

A

In the particles kinetic energy store

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12
Q

What is boiling?

A

The particles having enough energy to break the bonds/forces causing the gas to form as bubbles

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13
Q

What happens to the mass of a physical change?

A

Remains the same (if a closed system)

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14
Q

Whats happens to the volume of a physical change?

A

Changes

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15
Q

Why does density change during physical changes?

A

Because, although, the mass remains constant (providing the system is closed) as the forces get weaker/stronger the volume will get larger/smaller causing a changing density

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16
Q

Generally, when are substances most dense?

A

When they’re solid

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17
Q

What is the specific heat capacity?

A

The change in energy in the substance’s thermal store needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of that substance by 1*C

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18
Q

WHat is the specific heat capacity equation?

A

Thermal Energy Change = Mass x SHC x Temperature Change

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19
Q

When finding the specific heat capacity of water, why is insulation used?

A

To reduce energy wasted to the surroundings

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20
Q

How do you find the specific heat capacity of water?

A

Find the mass of the water
Measure the temp, and then turn on the power
Stop the experiment after an increase in temperature, and record the energy on the joulemeter and the increase in temperature

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21
Q

How do you calculate specific heat capacity?

A

Specific Heat Capcity = Change in thermal energy / (Mass x Temperature change)

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22
Q

Why is energy needed during physical changes?

A

Ti break the intermolecular bonds

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23
Q

What happens when a substance is melting or boiling to the energy?

A

The energy used for breaking intermolecular bonds rather than raising the temperature

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24
Q

How can you get a graph for physical changes?

A 
Fill a beaker with ice
Place a thermometer in the beaker and record the temperature of the ice
Heat the beaker full of ice
Record the temp every 20 seconds
Plot a graph
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25
Q

What is the definiton of specific latent heat?

A

The amount of energy needed to change 1 kg of a substance from one state to another without changing its temperature

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26
Q

Whats the specific latent heat equation?

A

Specific Latent Heat = Thermal Energy / Mass

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27
Q

What creates pressure?

A

Colliding gas particles

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28
Q

What is most gas made up of

A

Empty space

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29
Q

What is the pressure of a sealed container?

A

The total force exerted by all of the particles in the gas on a unit area

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30
Q

What does gas pressure depend on?

A

Temperature and volume

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31
Q

Why does temperature increase gas pressure?

A

Because heating the gas will make the particles faster meaning they will collide more often therefore increasing the pressure of the gas

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32
Q

What happens when to the pressure as increase the volume of a gas

A

The pressure decreases

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33
Q

Why does an increase in gas volume decrease gas pressure?

A

Because increasing the gas volume means the particles get more spread out and hit the walls of the container less often meaning the pressure decreases

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34
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and volume

A

Inversely proportional

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35
Q

What is the equation linking pressure and volume?

A

V1xP1 = V2xP2

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36
Q

What happens as you increase the temp of an object?

A

The particles move more

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37
Q

What is absolute zero?

A

The point of lowest kinetic store

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38
Q

Find the value of 25 *C in kelvin?

A

25 + 273 = 298 K

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39
Q

Explain how a gas exerts pressure on its container?

A

When gas particles collide with the walls of their container, they exert a force on it

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40
Q

3.5 m^3 of a gas is at a pressure of 520 Pa. It is compressed to a volume of 1 m^3 at a constant temperature
What is the new pressure of the gas?

A

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
3.5 x 520 = P2
1820 = P2

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41
Q

What does a change in pressure cause?

A

A change in volume

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42
Q

What directions do the pressure collisions occur?

A

Random

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43
Q

When you add the pressure angles together what do you get?

A

Right angles to the wall of the container

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44
Q

When does the outside of a container not get under double pressure?

A

When its a vacuum

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45
Q

When does the volume of an container not change?

A

When the pressure of the gas inside pushing outwards is equal to the pressure of the air outside pushing inwards

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46
Q

How can you change the pressure of a gas inside a container?

A

By changing temperature (heating or cooling)

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47
Q

What happens to a balloon (container) when it is heated?

A

The gas particles inside it gain energy and move around quicker increasing the pressure of the balloon which leads to an increasing outward pressure which is larger that the inward pressure caused by the surroundings therefore the balloon expands until the pressures are equal

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48
Q

What happens to a balloon (container) when it is cooled?

A

The gas particles inside it lose energy and move around slower decreasing the pressure of the balloon which leads to an decreasing outward pressure which is smaller that the inward pressure caused by the surroundings therefore the balloon shrinks until the pressures are equal

49
Q

How does the atmospheric pressure affect the container volume?

A

As you increase the altitude the inward pressure decreases this causes the gas to expand as the altitude increases

50
Q

What does doing work on a gas cause?

A

An increase in it’s internal energy

51
Q

Explain why pumping a bike tyre increases the tyre’s temperature?

A

The gas particles in the tyre exert a force on the pump so work is done against this force, this transfers energy to the kinetic energy stores of the gas particles

52
Q

What happens to an object when you apply a force to it?

A

It can stretch, compress or bend

53
Q

For an object to stretch, compress or bend, what must it experience?

A

MORE than one force

54
Q

What must more than one force be on an object for it to stretch, compress or bend?

A

If it was just one force, the object would simply move in the direction of the force

55
Q

What can happen an object that has been distorted?

A

It can go back to its original shape and length

55
Q

What can happen an object that has been distorted?

A

It can go back to its original shape and length

56
Q

What are elastic objects?

A

Objects that can be elastically distorted

57
Q

What is an object that is inelastically distorted?

A

An object that doesn’t return to the original shape and length after the force has been removed

58
Q

What is the elastic limit?

A

The point where an object stops distorting elastically and begins to distory inelastically

59
Q

What is done when a force stretches or compresses an object?

A

Work

60
Q

What store is energy converted to if an object is elastically distorted?

A

Elastic potential energy store

61
Q

What is extension directly proportional to?

A

Force

62
Q

What type of relationship is there between force and extension?

A

Linear

63
Q

What is the force and extension equation?

A 
F = K x x
Force = Spring Constant x Extension
N = N/m x m
64
Q

What is the k in extension?

A

The spring constant

65
Q

What unit is the spring constant in?

A

N/m

66
Q

How high is a spring constant for a stiff object?

A

Higher

67
Q

A stiff object will have a ______ spring constant

A

A stiff object will have a greater spring constant

68
Q

When is the extension not ∝to the force?

A

When the elastic limit is broken

69
Q

A spring is fixed at one end and a force of 1 N is applied to the other end, causing it to stretch
The spring extends by 2 cm
Calculate the spring constant of the spring?

A

2 cm = 0.02 m

F = k x d
1 = k x 0.02
k = 1 / 0.02
k = 50 N/m
70
Q

What is the weight equation?

A 
Weight = Mass x Gravitational Field Strength
N = Kg x N / Kg
71
Q

When investigating elasticity, why is a quick pilot experiment done?

A

To find out what size masses to use

72
Q

When investigating elasticity, what is the pilot experiment

A

Use an indentical spring and load it with masses and plot a graph and check for a straight line, if the curves too early, you need to use smaller masses

73
Q

When investigating elasticity, when doing a quick pilot experiment what should you see?

A

A straight line

74
Q

When investigating elasticity, when doing a quick pilot experiment what shouldn’t you see?

A

If it curves

75
Q

When investigating elasticity, what must you first do?

A

Measure the natural length of the spring

76
Q

When investigating elasticity, when measuring what must you do?

A

Make sure you take the reading at eye level and add markers to the top and bottom

77
Q

When investigating elasticity, what do you do?

A

Add a mass to the spring and measure the new length
Repeat until atleast 6 points
Plot a graph

78
Q

When investigating elasticity, what is the extension?

A

The change in length

79
Q

When investigating elasticity, what does a larger force cause?

A

A bigger extension

80
Q

When investigating elasticity, how do you find work done (from a graph)?

A

By calculating the area under the linear section of your graph

81
Q

What is the energy transferred in stretching equation?

A 
E = (k x X²) / 2
Energy = (Spring Constant x Extension²) / 2
J = (N/m x M²) / 2
82
Q

What does an object with distorion always being elastic mean?

A

All the energy being transferred is stored in the spring’s elastic potential energy store

83
Q

When is the work done to the spring equal to the energy in the elastic potential store?

A

When the spring is not stretched past its limit of proportionality

84
Q

A spring with a spring constant of 40 N/m extends elastically by 2.5cm
Calculate the amount of energy stored in its elastic potential energy store

A 
E = (k x X²) / 2
E = (40 x 0.025²) / 2
E = 0.0125 J
85
Q

What is pressure?

A

The force per unit area

86
Q

What is the pressure equation?

A 
P = F / A
Pressure = Force / Area
Pascals = Newtons / Meters²
87
Q

Which states count as fluids?

A

Gas and liquids

88
Q

What are fluids?

A

Substances where their particles are free to move

89
Q

Where does fluid pressure always exert a force?

A

90* to any surface

90
Q

What does fluid pressure depend on?

A

Depth and density

91
Q

What is the density for a liquid?

A

Fixed

92
Q

What is the density for a gas?

A

Forever changing

93
Q

Assuming the particles are the same mass, which will have a higher pressure?
A more dense or a less dense liquid?

A

A more dense liquid

94
Q

Assuming the particles are the same mass, which will have a higher pressure?
A more dense or a less dense liquid?

A

A more dense liquid

95
Q

Why does density affect pressure?

A

Because the more dense the liquid, the more particles that are able to collide meaning the pressure will be higher

96
Q

How does depth affect fluid pressure?

A

The deeper the fluid, the higher the pressure

97
Q

Why does depth affect fluid pressure?

A

The deeper the fluid, the more particles that are above that point. The weight of these particles add to the pressure

98
Q

What is fluid pressure equation?

A 
P = h x p x g
Pressure = Height (depth) x Density x Gravitational Field Strength
Pascals = Meters x Kg/m³ x N/kg
99
Q

The density of water is 1000 kg/m³
The gravitational field strength of the Earth is 10 N/kg
Calculate the change in pressure between a point 20m below the surface of water and a point 40m below the surface

A

P = h x p x g

P1 (20m) = 20 x 1000 x 10
P1 (20m) = 200,000 Pa

P2 (40m) = 40 x 1000 x 10
P2 (40m) = 400,000 Pa

P2 - P1 = 400,000 - 200,000 = 200,000 Pa

100
Q

Can you have negative pressure?

A

No

101
Q

Calculate the force exerted on a 10m² area by a pressure of 200kPa

A

200 kPa = 200,000 Pa

P = F / A
F = A x P
F = 10 x 200,000
F = 2,000,000 N
102
Q

At a point 5cm below the surface of a jug of olive oil, the pressure is 450 Pa
Calculate the density of olive oil. The gravitational field strength of Earth is 10 N/kg

A

5cm = 0.05m

P = h x p x g
p = (h x g) / P
p = 450 / (10 x 0.05)
p = 900 Kg/m
103
Q

What do objects in fluids experience?

A

Upthrust

104
Q

Why do objects experience fluid upthrust?

A

Because pressure acts on the object, there is a resultant force (upthrust)

105
Q

What is the upthrust in fluids equal to?

A

The weight of the fluid that has been displaced

106
Q

When does an object float?

A

When

Weight = Upthrust

107
Q

Why does density affect whether an object floats or not?

A

When an object that is less dense than a fluid, is placed in that fluid. The volume of fluid that is displaced is equal to its weight before it is completely submerged

108
Q

How do submarines sink?

A

They fill large tanks with water

109
Q

What does atmospheric pressure decrease with?

A

Height

110
Q

Why does air pressure decrease with height?

A

As you get higher, the atmosphere gets less dense so there are fewer air molecules that are able to collide with the surface

111
Q

Explain a wooden object (p of 700 kg/m³) floats in water (p of 1000 kg/m³)

A

The wood object is less dense than water which means that when the wooden object is placed in water, it can displace enough water to create an upthrust equal to the weight of the object so the upthrust equals the weight and it floats

112
Q

Is a change in state physical or chemical?

A

Physical

113
Q

Name five changes of state?

A 
Melting
Boiling
Freezing
Condensing
Subliming
114
Q

Define specific heat capacity?

A

The heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1*C

115
Q

Define specific latent heat?

A

The change of state of a substance is the amount of energy needed to change 1kg of it from one state to another

116
Q

What is the difference between an elastic and an inelastic distortion?

A

Elastic distortion is when an object returns to its original shape once the forces are removed
Inelastic distortion is when an object does not return to its original shape it is an inelastic deformation.

117
Q

In what conditions will an object float?

A

When an object is less dense than a fluid

Physics GCSE (8 decks)

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