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PHRM 1300 - Final > Section 5: Semisolid > Flashcards

Section 5: Semisolid Flashcards

1
Q

What are semisolids intended for?

A

Topical use

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2
Q

What is included in the term semisolid?

A

Ointments, creams, and gels

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3
Q

What is generally included in a semisolid?

A

An active component (drug); however, some are used for physical effects as protectants or lubricants

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4
Q

What must be considered when using a semisolid dose form?

A

Inadvertent systemic effects

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5
Q

What is generally the target organ of semisolid dose forms?

A

Skin

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6
Q

How do topical dermatological semisolid medications deliver drug?

A

Locally into skin

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7
Q

How do transdermal semisolid medications deliver drug?

A

Systemically through the skin into blood

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8
Q

What are ointments?

A

Semisolid preparations for external application to skin or mucous membranes

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9
Q

What are non-medicated ointments used for?

A

Protective, emollient, or lubricating activity

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10
Q

What are the 4 groups of ointment bases?

A

1) Oleaginous
2) Absorption
3) Water-removable
4) Water-soluble

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11
Q

What are 4 characteristics of oleaginous ointment bases?

A

1) Hydrocarbon bases
2) Emollient effect (protect against loss of moisture)
3) Occlusive (air and water proof)
4) Remain on skin long time and difficult to wash off

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12
Q

Can water and aqueous solutions be incorporated into oleaginous bases?

A

Yes, but with difficult and in small quantities

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13
Q

What is used as a levigating agent to incorporate solids into oleaginous bases?

A

Liquid petrolatum (mineral oil)

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14
Q

What type of emulsions are absorption ointment bases?

A

Water in oil

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of absorption ointment bases and what are examples of each?

A

1) Allows incorporation of water to form a water in oil emulsion (ex: eucerin, hydrophilic petrolatum)
2) Already a water in oil emulsion (ex: hydrous lanolin)

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16
Q

What are absorption bases useful for?

A

Providing a way to incorporate aqueous solutions into oleaginous bases

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17
Q

What are absorption bases used as?

A

Emollients

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18
Q

Absorption bases are _____ to wash off

A

Difficult

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19
Q

What are water-removable ointment bases?

A

Essentially oil in water emulsions

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20
Q

Water-removable ointment bases are _____ to wash off

A

Easy

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21
Q

Can water-removable ointment bases be diluted with water and why?

A

Yes because continuous phase is water

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22
Q

What are water-removable ointment bases useful for?

A

Weeping skin conditions

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23
Q

What are examples of water-removable ointment bases?

A
  • Hydrophilic ointment USP
  • Dermabase
  • Unibase
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24
Q

What are water-soluble ointment bases referred to as and why?

A

Greaseless because they contain no oleaginous components

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25
Q

True or false: water-soluble ointment bases are completely water removable

A

True

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26
Q

What do water-soluble ointment bases usually contain?

A

Polyethlyene glycol

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27
Q

What are 7 considerations that should be made when selecting an ointment base?

A

1) Topical or percutaneous?
2) Rate of drug release
3) Occlusion wanted?
4) Drug stability
5) Drug solubility/skin feel
6) Easy/difficult removal
7) Site of application

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28
Q

Are gauze pads occlusive?

A

No

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29
Q

What type of ointment base is the most non-polar?

A

Oleaginous

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30
Q

What type of ointment base is the most polar?

A

Water-soluble

31
Q

What type of ointment base is the most hydrophobic?

A

Oleaginous

32
Q

What types of ointment bases are hydrophilic?

A

Water-removable and water-soluble

33
Q

What type of ointment base is the most difficult to spread?

A

Oleaginous

34
Q

What type of ointment base has the poorest drug release?

A

Oleaginous

35
Q

What type of ointment base has the best drug release?

A

Water-soluble

36
Q

What types of ointment bases are non-occlusive?

A

Water-removable and water-soluble

37
Q

What are 2 examples of oleaginous ointment bases?

A

White petrolatum and Vaseline

38
Q

What is an example of an absorption ointment base?

A

Lanolin

39
Q

What is an example of a water-removable ointment base?

A

Hydrophilic ointment

40
Q

What is an example of a water-soluble ointment base?

A

PEG ointment

41
Q

What are the 2 possibilities of preparing an ointment?

A

1) Incorporation

2) Fusion

42
Q

What technique is commonly used in the incorporation step of preparation of an ointment?

A

Spatulation

43
Q

What technique is sometimes used in the incorporation step of preparation of an ointment?

A

Trituration

44
Q

What must normally be done to solids before the incorporation step of preparation of an ointment and why?

A

Reduction of particle size to avoid grittiness

45
Q

What should be done to make a smooth dispersion?

A

Levigation of the material in a vehicle in which it is not soluble

46
Q

When performing levigation in the preparation of an ointment, what must the levigating agent be?

A

Chemically and physically compatible with the drug and the base

47
Q

What is generally used as a levigating agent in the preparation of ointments?

A
  • Liquid petrolatum (mineral oil) for bases where external phase is oil
  • Glycerin when external phase is aqueous
48
Q

When performing levigation in the preparation of an ointment, how must the levigation be performed?

A

Spatulation or trituration

49
Q

What is the pulverization by intervention technique?

A

Material is dissolved in a solvent like alcohol, spread on slab to dry as a thin film, then incorporated by spaulation

50
Q

What type of spatulas are generally used?

A

Stainless steel

51
Q

When would plastic spatulas be used?

A

For iodine

52
Q

When would a mortar and pestle be used for preparing an ointment?

A

When incorporating relatively large quantities of liquids or solutions

53
Q

What occurs in the fusion step of preparing an ointment?

A

Some or all of the components are melted together and cooled with stirring until congealed

54
Q

What ingredients are normally used for the fusion step of preparing an ointment and why?

A

Beeswax, stearly alcohol, or high MW PEG because they are difficult for incorporation technique but fusion works

55
Q

Why is a water-bath used in the fusion step of preparing an ointment?

A

To avoid over-heating

56
Q

In the fusion step of preparing an ointment, which material is melted first?

A

The material with the highest melting temperature

57
Q

In the fusion step of preparing an ointment, what does the first material melted act as?

A

The solvent

58
Q

True or false: the oleaginous portion is generally added to the aqueous portion

A

False, the aqueous portion is added to oleaginous portion

59
Q

What are creams?

A

Semisolid preparations usually containing medication and in an emulsion (o/w) base

60
Q

What happens when a cream is applied?

A

Water evaporates and leaves oleaginous film

61
Q

Why are creams cosmetically acceptable?

A

Not greasy and easy to spread and remove

62
Q

When is a product considered an ointment and not a cream?

A

When occlusion is needed because skin is dry and scaly

63
Q

When is a product considered a cream and not an ointment?

A

When drying is needed and skin is weeping

64
Q

What are lotions?

A

Emulsions or fine suspensions and often formulated as semi-liquid creams

65
Q

What are pastes?

A

Stiff preparations with a high content of solid material – often 25%

66
Q

How are pastes prepared?

A

By incorporation or fusion

67
Q

What are pastes used as?

A

Protectants and to absorb secretions

68
Q

What are plasters designed for?

A

Long-term application to skin

69
Q

What type of backing do plasters usually have?

A

Fabric or paper

70
Q

What do corn plasters usually contain?

A

Keratolytic salicylic acid

71
Q

What are glycerogelatins?

A

Substances that are melted and painted onto the skin where they solidfy

72
Q

How are topical dermatological products usually packaged?

A

In wide-mouth jars or tubes

73
Q

How are rectal, vaginal, and ophthalmic products usually packaged?

A

In tubes with applicators or a special tip on the tube

74
Q

What must be considered when preparing products in jars?

A

Air entrapment must be avoided and product should not touch lid

PHRM 1300 - Final (6 decks)

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