Section 5 - Health, Diseases and the Development of Medicines Flashcards
Health and disease, STIs, Fighting disease, memory lymphocytes and immunisation, antibiotics and other medicines, non-communicable diseases, measures of obesity, treatments for cardiovascular disease
Bacteria, viruses and fungi are examples of types of pathogens. Give one other example of a type of pathogen.
Protists
What are pathogens?
organisms that cause communicable diseases.
Give the definition of âhealthâ
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.
Explain how having one disease can affect the likelihood of a person getting another, different disease.
Having one disease can increase the likelihood of a person getting another disease. This is because their body may have become weakened by the first disease, so itâs less able to fight off other diseases.
Which type of pathogen causes malaria?
protist
Give one effect that tuberculosis has on the body of an infected person.
coughing and lung damage.
What would an ash tree infected with Chalara ash dieback look like?
It would have lost leaves and have lesions on its bark.
Give ways diseases can be spread.
Diseases can be spread through air, through eating contaminated food, through exchanging infected bodily fluids and by being carried by an animal vector.
Why are people infected with tuberculosis advised not to go to work or school, even if they feel well enough to go?
Tuberculosis is spread through the air, so people with tuberculosis should avoid crowded public spaces in case they spread the disease by coughing near other people.
Explain how you can reduce the spread of malaria.
Malaria is carried and spread by mosquitoes, so using mosquito nets and insect repellent can help reduce the spread of malaria by preventing mosquitoes from biting people, therefore preventing people from becoming infected.
True or false? Chlamydia is caused by a bacterium.
True
Which disease is eventually caused by HIV?
AIDS
What cells in the body are killed by HIV?
white blood cells
HIV can be spread by sexual contact. Give one other way that HIV can be spread.
The sharing of needles between drug users. This us because HIV spreads through the exchange of bodily fluids, and sharing needles can cause the exchange of blood.
Describe a way of reducing the spread of Chlamydia.
Wearing a condom when having sex, screening individuals so they can be treated, avoiding sexual contact.
What chemical that kills bacteria is found in tears?
iysozyme
Which proteins on the surface of pathogens trigger an immune response?
antigens
Describe the role of antibodies in the immune systemâs response to a pathogen.
Antibodies bind to the pathogen so it can be found and destroyed by the white blood cells.
how is the immune system able to attack only the invading pathogen, and not other cells within the body?
The antibodies that are produced in an immune response are specific to the invading pathogens. This means that they will only bind to the pathogen and not to other cells, so it is only the pathogen that is then destroyed by the white blood cells.
What are memory lymphocytes?
A type of white blood cell produced in response to the antigens of pathogens. Memory lymphocytes stay in the body for a long time and produce antibodies against the specific pathogen.
Why is the secondary immune response much faster than the response of the immune system when it first encounters a pathogen?
When a pathogen enters the body for the first time, the response is slow because there arenât many white blood cells that can make the correct antibody. The secondary immune response is faster because there are already a lot of memory lymphocytes in the body that can produce the antibody.
Give one reason why a drug is tested on healthy volunteers during clinical testing.
To make sure the drug doesnât have any harmful side effects when the body is working normally.
what can scientists learn from giving a drug to live animals during preclinical testing?
They can learn whether the drug works, how toxic it is and the best dosage to use.
Explain why smoking increases the likelihood of someone having a heart attack
Nicotine in cigarette smoke increases heart rate, which increases blood pressure. High blood pressure damages artery walls, which contributes to the build up of fatty deposits in the arteries. These deposits restrict blood flow and increase the risk of a heart attack. Smoking also increases the risk of blood clots forming in arteries, which can restrict or block blood flow, leading to a heart attack.
