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Chemistry > Section 5 Chemistry In Industry > Flashcards

Section 5 Chemistry In Industry Flashcards

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1
Q

The more reactive the ………… To extract from the compound

A

Harder

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2
Q

What are metal ores often?

A

Oxides

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3
Q

What are methods of extraction linked to?

A

Order of reactivity

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4
Q

How can metals that are less reactive than carbon be extracted?

A

Reduction reaction - heating the ore with carbon monoxide

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5
Q

How are very reactive metals extracted?

A

Electrolysis

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6
Q

What is the main ore in aluminium?what is left after mining?

A

Bauxite

White powder

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7
Q

Why Is cryolite used?

A

Brings temperature down to 900 to 2000 degrees

Cheaper

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8
Q

What are electrolytes made of?

A

Graphite

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9
Q

What is the negative and positive electrode called?

A

Negative - cathode

Positive - anode

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10
Q

Why does the positive electrode need constant replacement?

A

It reacts with the oxygen to make CO2 which corrodes it

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11
Q

When extracting iron what are the raw materials?

A

Iron ore
Coke - pure carbon
Limestone

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12
Q

What are the steps for extracting iron?

A

Hot air - temp 1500 is blasted in the furnace
The coke burns and produces CO2
Carbon + oxygen ……… Carbon dioxide
CO2 reacts with the unburnt coke to form carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide reduces iron ore to iron
3CO + FeO3 …… 3CO2 + 2Fe

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13
Q

How is iron collected?

A

Is molten and very dense so runs straight to the bottom of the furnace to be tapped off

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14
Q

How are impurities removed?

A

Sand - removed by limestone
Limestone is decomposed by heat into calcium oxide and CO2
Calcium oxide reacts with sand to for calcium silicate/ slag

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15
Q

What is slag used for?

A

Road building

Fertiliser

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16
Q

What do iron and aluminium have in common?

A 
Both dense and shiny
High melting points 
High tensile strength - strong and hard to break 
Malleable
Good conductors 
Heat energy
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17
Q

What is a metal ore?

A

Compound that contains enough of a metal worthwhile for extracting

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18
Q

What is iron used for?

A

Wrought iron - ornamental gates and railing
Cast iron - mixture of iron carbon and silicon, manhole covers
Steel - carbon and iron, car bodies and griders
Stainless steel - doesn’t rust, in knives and forks

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19
Q

What is aluminium used for?

A

Doesn’t corrode - drink cans

Less dense than iron - bike frames and aeroplanes

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20
Q

What is crude oil separated into?

A

Different hydrocarbon fractions

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21
Q

What stops separate liquids running back down in a fractional column?

A

Bubble caps

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22
Q

What is the order from top to bottom of products for crude oil fractionalisation?and a use for each one

A 
Refinery gas - bottles gas, manufacturing 
Gasoline - car fuel
Naphtha - chemical industry, plastics 
Kerosene - jet engines, paint
Diesel - fuel 
Fuel oil - central heating
Bitumen - road surfaces
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23
Q

Explain the effects of pollutants?

A

Carbon monoxide - incomplete combustion, less oxygen in blood
Sulfur dioxide - sulfur impurities
Nitrogen oxide - high enoug temperature to react in air, eg in car engines

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24
Q

What is acid rain?

A

Caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
When mix with the clouds they make sulfuric and nitric acid
Acid rain makes lake acidic and kills trees

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25
Q

What is cracking? How does it work?

A

Splitting up long chains of hydrocarbons
More demand for shorter hydrocarbons
Form of thermal decomposition

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26
Q

What are the conditions for industry cracking?

A

Temp - 600-700

Silica and alumina- catalysts

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27
Q

What is an addition polymer?

A

Formed when lots of small molecules called monomers join together to make a polymer.
These monomers have a carbon double bond (alkenes).

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28
Q

How are addition polymers made?

A

Under high pressure

With a catalyst

29
Q

How do you crack paraffin in a lab?

A

Heat the paraffin then move the Bunsen burner to heat the catalyst
Alternate between the 2 until the paraffin vaporises and catalysts glow red
Small alkanes collect at the end of the boiling tube, alkene gases travel down the delivery tube and collect through water in a jar

30
Q

What are polymers used for?

A

Polyethene - plastic bags, bottles

Polypropene - kettles, carpets

31
Q

Why are addition polymers hard to dispose of?

A

They are Inert so take a long time to biodegrade

Burning plastics release toxic gases

32
Q

What does the haber process make?

A

Ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen

33
Q

What are the industrial conditions for the haber process?

A

Pressure 200
Temp 450
Catalyst iron

34
Q

What is the haber process equation?

A

N2+3H2 reversible reaction 2NH3 (+heat)

35
Q

What is the ratio of nitrogen and hydrogen in the haber process?

A

H -3

N -1

36
Q

In the haber process what is ammonia formed as?

A

A gas but as it cools in the condenser it liquefies

37
Q

In the haber process what happens to the the unused hydrogen and nitrogen?

A

Recycled

Tube back to the start

38
Q

In the haber process the iron catalyst makes the reaction ……… But doesn’t affect the ………

A

Go faster

The % yield

39
Q

What is ammonia used for?

A

To make nitric acid

To make ammonium nitrate for fertiliser

40
Q

Explain condensation polymerisation?

A

Usually involves 2 different types of monomer which react together and bonds form between them, making polymer chains
For each new bonds a small molecule is lost
Nylon is an example of a condensation polymer

41
Q

What is poly(chloroethene) used for?

A

To make clothes
To make pipes
For insulating electric cables

42
Q

What are the stages of the contact process?

A
  1. Burn sulfur in air or roast sulfur oxides to form sulfur dioxide
  2. Sulfur dioxide is oxidised to form sulfur trioxide
  3. Sulfur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid to form liquid oleum
  4. Oleum is diluted with water to form concentrated sulfuric acid
43
Q

What are the conditions for the contact process?

A

Temperature - 450 degrees
Pressure - 2 atmospheres
Catalyst - vanadium oxide

44
Q

Why is a catalyst important for making SO3?

A

It makes a quick reaction with a low pressure and high temperature

45
Q

What is sulfuric acid used to make?

A

Fertilisers - most likely phosphate fertilisers
Detergents - cleaning
Paints - titanium dioxide, a white pigment

46
Q

What is used to electrolyse concentrated brine?

A

A diaphragm cell

47
Q

What three useful products does electrolysis of brine produce?

A

Hydrogen gas- given off at the cathode
Chlorine gas - given off at the anode
Sodium hydroxide - the left over solution

48
Q

What are the half equations for electrolysis of brine?

A

Cathode: 2H+ + 2e- ……… H2
Anode: 2Cl- - 2e- …….. Cl2

49
Q

What are the uses of the electrolysis of brine products?

A

Hydrogen - harber process and to change oils in to fat for margarine
Chlorine - sterilise water, make bleach and HCl
Sodium hydroxide - soap, bleach and pulp paper

50
Q

Does cracking produce more long chain hydrocarbons or short chain hydrocarbons?

A

More long chain hydrocarbons.

51
Q

How does the fact that cracking produces more long chain hydrocarbons than needed and less short chain hydrocarbons than required make cracking necessary?

A

To meet the demand, long chain hydrocarbons are split into more useful short chain molecules using cracking! Making it necessary!

52
Q

What are long chain alkane’s converted to using catalytic cracking and what is used at the catalyst?

A

Split up into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes by catalytic cracking using silica or alumina as the catalyst at a temperature of 600 - 700 degrees C.

53
Q

Describe and explain how fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions.

A
  • oil is heated, until most is gas.
  • gases enter a fractionating column with a temperature gradient.
  • when substances that make up crude oil reach where the temperature is lower than their boiling points, they condense.
  • longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points. They condense and drain out of the column early on, when they’re near the bottom.
  • shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points. They turn into a liquid and drain out much later on, near the top of the column where it’s cooler.
  • bubble caps used to stop gases remixing
54
Q

Recall the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil.

A
  • REFINERY GASES: heating, pottery, glass manufacture.
  • GASOLINE: fuel for cars.
  • KEROSENE: jet engines, domestic heating.
  • DIESEL: fuel for diesel cars, trucks, trains, boats etc.
  • FUEL OIL: domestic central heating, fuel for big ships.
  • BITUMEN: road surfacing.
55
Q

Describe the trend between viscosity (thickness) and boiling points.

A

The higher the boiling point the more viscous.

56
Q

What is carbon dioxide?

A

A greenhouse gas that may contribute to climate change.

57
Q

Why is incomplete combustion of fuels dangerous?

A

It may produce carbon monoxide which is poisonous as it reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen.

58
Q

In car engines, the temperature reached is high enough for what to happen?

A

For nitrogen and oxygen in the air to react forming nitrogen oxides.

59
Q

What pollutant gases contribute to acid rain?

A

Nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide.

60
Q

What are the problems caused by acid rain?

A
  • causes lakes to become acidic.
  • many plants and animals die as a result.
  • kills trees and damages limestone buildings.
61
Q

How can you get the monomer used to make an addition polymer?

A

Take the repeat unit of the addition polymer and add a double bond.

62
Q

What does condensation polymerisation produce?

A

A small molecule e.g. Water, as well as the polymer

63
Q

How is ammonia manufactured?

A

Using nitrogen from the air and hydrogen from natural gas

By the haber process

64
Q

Explain fractional distillation of crude oil

A

Oil is heated and turned into gas
Gas enter fractionating column
The column is hotter at the bottom
Where they reach the temperature that is lower than there boiling point they condense
Longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points

64
Q

How is sulfuric acid manufactured?

A

By the contact process

65
Q

What are the raw materials used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid?

A

Sulfide ores

66
Q

Explain how methods of extraction of the metals in this section are linked to their position in the reactivity series.

A

If metals are more reactive than carbon, they have to be extracted using electrolysis.

67
Q

What are the raw materials in the extraction of iron?

A

Iron ore: which contains the iron
Coke (almost pure carbon): reduces the iron oxide to iron metal
Limestone: takes away impurities in the form of slag

Chemistry (7 decks)

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