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Psychology Year 1 > Section 5: Approaches > Flashcards

Section 5: Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

A

the first ‘psychologist’, studied origins of psychology

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2
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Wundt’s approach to psychology, using experimental methods to find the basic blocks of thought and investigate how they interacted

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3
Q

What did Wundt study and how?

A

sensation and perception, by:
- systematically changing the stimuli he presented to participants
- measuring how long it took for them to respond
- inferring that the longer it took to respond, the more mental processes must be involved

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4
Q

What is introspection?

A

the process of observing and examining your own conscious thoughts and emotions, no longer used in scientific psychology

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5
Q

How did Wundt measure introspection?

A

He used controlled environments and stimuli, to get detailed observations from participants

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6
Q

What is empiricism?

A

stating that the only source of knowledge comes through our senses, all knowledge is based on, or may come from experience

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7
Q

Name two key psychologists in the behaviourist approach

A

Pavlov
Skinner

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8
Q

Name three assumptions of the behaviourist approach

A
  • Psychology should be seen as a science
  • People have no free will
  • All behaviour is learned from environment
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9
Q

Describe classical conditioning

A

learning through association.
two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response

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10
Q

Describe the process of classical conditioning with terminology for a dog, with food, and a bell

A

neutral stimulus
no response
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response

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11
Q

Who theorised classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov

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12
Q

Who theorised operant conditioning?

A

Skinner

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13
Q

Describe operant conditioning (4)

A

Behaviour made more likely: reinforcement
Behaviour made less likely: punishment
Something is given- positive
Something is taken away- negative

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14
Q

Give 3 strengths of operant conditioning

A
  • scientific methods used, so seen to be credible
  • believes behaviour is learnt, supports nurture in debates
  • research can improve behaviour in schools and prisons
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15
Q

Give three weaknesses of operant conditioning

A
  • scientists don’t study thought processes, so dk the influence
  • dont argue that we have control over our own behaviour, deterministic, consequences in legal system
  • animals were used in research, inappropriate due to differences in animal and human behaviour
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16
Q

Who theorised the social learning theory?

A

Bandura

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17
Q

List 3 assumptions of the social learning theory

A
  • Believes meditational processes occur between stimulus and response
  • Focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context
  • Learning occurs from observing others
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18
Q

How is behaviour explained in the social learning theory?

A

modelling

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19
Q

What is modelling?

A

learning through observation of other people (models)
leads to imitation of behaviour

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20
Q

What are the three types of model in the social learning theory?

A
  • Live models: real life individuals
  • Symbolic models: fictional
  • Cultural models: where media is not widely available
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21
Q

What are the three stages of learning behaviour in modelling?

A

Identification- associating with model
Imitation- copying or reproducing behaviour of model
Reinforcement- consequences of the action for the learner e.g. internalisation

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22
Q

When is it most likely that a child will imitate role models behaviour?

A

when they can identify with them, e.g. same sex

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23
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

a learning process in which an individual behaves in a certain way because they have observed someone else being reinforced or rewarded for that behaviour.

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24
Q

What is the social learning theory mediational processes? (4)

A
  1. Attention- noticing behaviour
  2. Retention- remembering behaviour and mechanisms
  3. Motor reproduction- imitating behaviour
  4. Motivation- desire to repeat behaviour
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25
Q

What theory does the ‘Bobo doll study’ provide research support for?

A

Social Learning Theory

26
Q

Describe the Bobo doll case study

A
  • Bandura
  • Children from Stanford university
  • Aged 3-6 years
  • The children had observed either a male or a female aggressive or non-aggressive model
  • The aggressive-model condition involved an adult behaving aggressively towards a large, inflatable clown toy (the Bobo doll)
27
Q

What were the results and findings of the Bobo doll study?

A

Children who observed an aggressive model imitated the aggression they saw (plus adding additional ‘freestyle’ aggressive behaviours), particularly when they had observed a same-sex model
Children who had not observed an aggressive model were not aggressive towards Bobo

28
Q

Give two strengths of the social learning theory as an explanation for behaviour

A
  • real life application to health campaigns e.g. anti alcohol advertisements
  • controlled lab conditions used: repeatable, reliable
29
Q

Give two weaknesses of the social learning theory as an explanation for behaviour

A
  • Using lab-based research to investigate behaviour learned in social contexts lacks ecological validity as it uses artificial tasks in unnatural settings
  • SLT does not account for innate and biological factors such as the influence of genes, hormones, brain structures on behaviour which limits its scope
30
Q

Name three assumptions of the cognitive approach

A
  1. believe it is necessary to look at internal mental processes to understand behaviour
  2. all behaviour is the result of processing
  3. comparisons can be made between minds and computers, by describing thinking as info processing
31
Q

Define schema

A

a package of beliefs and expectations on a topic that come from prior experience

32
Q

What is the effect of schemas?

A

they can cause us to exclude anything that does not conform with established ideas, causing us to focus on things that establish pre-existing ideas

33
Q

What can schemas lead to?

A

faulty conclusions, unhelpful behaviour

34
Q

Describe computer models in the cognitive approach

A

input - processing - output

35
Q

Give two strengths of the cognitive approach

A
  • uses scientific and empirical methods
  • application: treating psychological disorders like depression
36
Q

Give two weaknesses of the cognitive approach

A
  • computers are not humans, dont make mistakes or forget, inaccurate representation
  • because things can only be inferred it means that it is detached from real life, lacks external validity
37
Q

What is an assumption of cognitive neuroscience?

A

cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both biological and cognitive psychology

38
Q

What mental/ cognitive processes does the cognitive neuroscience focus on?

A
  • memory
  • perception
  • attention
39
Q

What are the specific areas of study in cognitive neuroscience?

A

human cognition: neural processes underlying memory, attention etc.
social cognition: brain regions when we interact with others
cognitive impairments: how impairments may characterise different psychological conditions

40
Q

How can cognitive neuroscience be applied?

A
  • use of brain scans to study mental processing patients with OCD or depression
  • scanning images can locate different areas of the brain active in memory, leading to memory problem treatments
41
Q

Give one weakness of the cognitive neuroscientific approach

A

too simple
ignores emotions and motives in behaviour
reductionist
means it doesn’t consider people as a whole

42
Q

Give one strength of the cognitive neuroscientific approach

A

it uses highly specialised brain technology
highly reliable

counter: lacks ecological validity

43
Q

Give three assumptions of the biological approach

A
  • the genes an individual possesses influence his or her behaviour
  • brain seen as main focus when explaining behaviour
  • the chemistry of the body impacts behaviour
44
Q

Define genotype

A

the set of genes a person has

45
Q

Define phenotype

A

an individual’s observable traits

46
Q

What is a recessive gene?

A

only shows if the individual has two copies of the same gene

47
Q

What is a dominant gene?

A

the gene always shows, even with only one copy

48
Q

Name five methods of study in the biological approach

A
  • animal studies
  • case studies
  • drug therapies
  • scans
  • twin/family studies
49
Q

What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic?

A

identical and non-identical

50
Q

Give two strengths of the biological approach

A

uses scientific method, high validity
provides clear predictions, so real world application e.g. research into drug treatments for depression

51
Q

Give two weaknesses of the biological approach

A
  • approach is reductionist, meaning other factors are not accounted for e.g. emotional
  • twin studies do not separate nature and nurture,
52
Q

Who investigated the psychodynamic approach?

A

Freud

53
Q

Give three assumptions of the psychodynamic approach

A
  • we are aware of our conscious mind but this is only a small part of what goes on
  • all human behaviour can be explained in terms of inner conflict of the mind
  • childhood experiences have significant importance in determining our personality when we reach adulthood
54
Q

What 2 things can come out via the Freudian slip?

A
  • things you want to say but haven’t been able to express
  • unrealised feelings that haven’t entered your conscious yet
55
Q

Name and describe the three structures in personality

A

the Id- instinct we are born with, operates on pleasure principle
the ego- reality principle, balances id and superego
the superego- the ideal force, operates on morality principle

56
Q

Name the 5 psychosexual stages

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

Old Age Pensioners Like Gin

57
Q

Describe the oral psychosexual stage including the consequences of fixation

A

0-1 Age
Mouth
focuses on breastfed or dummy

consequences:
orally aggressive: chewing gum/pens
orally passive: smoking/eating

58
Q

Describe the anal psychosexual stage including the consequences of fixation

A

2-3 Years
Bowel and bladder
toilet training- competition between id and ego

Anal retentive: obsession with organisation
Anal repulsive: reckless, careless, disorganised

59
Q

Describe the phallic psychosexual stage including the consequences of fixation

A

4-6 years
genitals
Electra complex: fancy father, castration anxiety
Oedipus complex: fancy mother, penis envy

60
Q

Describe the latency psychosexual stage including the consequences of fixation

A

7-10 years (until puberty)
dormant sexual feelings
develop friends/ hobbies

sexually unfulfilled as a consequence

61
Q

Describe the genital psychosexual stage including the consequences of fixation

A

11+ years
sexual interests mature
psychological detachment from parents

consequences- impotence, unsatisfactory relationships

62
Q

What can happen if someone’s superego is too strong?

A

Psychology Year 1 (7 decks)

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