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Cellular Biology (BIOL2020) > Section 4 > Flashcards

Section 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of ?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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2
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin

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3
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin

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4
Q

What kind of bonds form the cytoskeleton and why are these bonds beneficial to this structure?

A

Non-covalent, because they an be easily broken and the cytoskeleton must be readily able to assemble and disassemble

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5
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

Determines cell shape, keeps organelles in the correct positions, directs movement (acts as a track), and is involved in mitosis and cell division

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6
Q

What is the diameter of a microtubule?

A

25 nm

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7
Q

How many protofilaments makes up a microtubule?

A

13

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8
Q

What is tubulin formed of?

A

Tubulin is a heterodimer formed of alpa and beta tubulin, in an alternating layout.

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9
Q

How thick are protofilaments?

A

4 nm

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10
Q

What kind of proteins are alpha and beta tubulin?

A

Both are GTP binding proteins

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11
Q

What polarity are beta and alpha tubulin?

A

Beta = positive, alpha = negative

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12
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A

Mechanical support, maintains intracellular organization, movement of intracellular components, as well as cell movement

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13
Q

What are MAPs?

A

Microtubule Associated Proteins

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14
Q

What are the two types of MAPs?

A

Dynamic and Structural

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15
Q

What are the names of some Structural MAPs?

A

MAP 1,2,4 and tau

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16
Q

What do structural MAPs do?

A

Increases stability of microtubule and promotes microtubule assembly, influences cross-linking

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17
Q

What are the names of some dynamic MAPs?

A

Kinesin and Dynein

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18
Q

What is the function of dynamic MAPs?

A

Direct intercellular movement by hydrolyzing ATP which changes chemical energy to physical energy.

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19
Q

Describe the conformation of Kinesin

A

Heterotetramer, 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains

Head, stalk, tail, neck

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20
Q

Which domain of kinesin is the motor?

A

The head

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21
Q

Which domain of kinesin binds to the microtubule?

A

The head

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22
Q

Which domain of the kinesin undergoes a conformational change?

A

Neck and stalk

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23
Q

What do the light chains of kinesin bind to ?

A

Vesicles and particles

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24
Q

Which end of the microtubule does kinesin move towards?

A

PLUS END

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25
What causes movement of kinesin?
Hydrolyzing ATP, induces a conformational change
26
Which kinesin moves in the opposite direction than the rest of the kinesin?
Kinesin 14
27
Which region of dynein binds to the microtubules and how?
The heavy chains, they have little microtubule binding stocks attached to them
28
Which region of dynein binds to ATP?
The head
29
What does the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) do?
nucleates and initiates mictorubule assembly (assembles tubulin into microtubules)
30
What happens to microtubules when the temp is increased?
Assembly
31
What happens to microtubules when temp is decreased?
Disassembly
32
Which end of the microtubule incorporates GTP into it?
Plus
33
Which end of the microtubule does dynein travel towards?
MINUS end
34
What allows for quick assembly and disassebly of a microtubule?
GTP hydrolysis and incorporation into the microtubule
35
How large are intermediate filaments in diameter?
10 nm
36
What are the functions of intermediate filaments?
provide mechanical strength
37
How big are microfilaments in diameter?
6-8 nm
38
What is the function of microfilaments?
important for internal movement and movement as a whole, shape determination, and structure of cell projections
39
What is the main structural protein of microfilaments?
Actin
40
What is co-polymerization?
When 2 similar but not identical monomers form a polymer with each other
41
What kind of actin is the monomer?
globular actin (g actin)
42
What is treadmilling?
When assembly at plus end is equal to the disassembly at the minus end
43
What are the 2 different arrangements of microfilaments?
Bundle and Network
44
What is a cortex?
An area of bundled microfilaments
45
What is the function of the cortex?
involved in injestion of particles, process of extension, and cell division
46
What is the function of bundles?
Support
47
What is the function of networks?
movement
48
What is an actin binding protein?
A protein that binds to actin
49
What is Arp 2/3?
Actin related protein complex that promotes actin trimers. It interacts with other proteins and nucleates assembly (similar to gamma tubulin)
50
What is a monomer sequestering protein?
A protein that prevents polymerization (blocks a monomer from becoming a part of a polymer)
51
What is an end capping protein?
A protein that caps other proteins, regulates microfilament length
52
What is Monomer Polymerizing actin binding protein?
A protein that promotes polymerization of actin to microfilaments
53
What is profilin?
A protein that promotes the removal of ADP from actin filaments and replaces it with ATP. Makes assembly more likely to occur
54
What is depolymerizing actin binding proteins?
Bind to microfilaments at the end and break down the filaments
55
What is a cross linking protein?
A protein with 2 actin binding sites, extended and flexible
56
What is villin?
A cross linking protein that reduces flexibility by bundling
57
What is a filament severing protein?
a protein that binds to the sides of the microfilaments and break the filaments into smaller bits
58
what are Membrane binding actin binding proteins?
Proteins that bind to the membrane and actin
59
What is the general function of actin binding proteins ?
control assembly rate, number and length of spatial pattern, interactions of cells with one another, and substrates around the cells
60
True or False: Actin polymerization can cause movement through the cell
true
61
What is cofilin?
A protein that attaches to the minus end and is a disassembly associated protein
62
What is vinculin?
form focal complexes or adhesions, present on lamellipodium
63
What are integrins?
Integral membrane proteins that attach to things outside the cell

Cellular Biology (BIOL2020) (3 decks)

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