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Cellular Biology (BIOL2020) > Section 4 > Flashcards

Section 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of ?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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2
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin

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3
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin

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4
Q

What kind of bonds form the cytoskeleton and why are these bonds beneficial to this structure?

A

Non-covalent, because they an be easily broken and the cytoskeleton must be readily able to assemble and disassemble

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5
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

Determines cell shape, keeps organelles in the correct positions, directs movement (acts as a track), and is involved in mitosis and cell division

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6
Q

What is the diameter of a microtubule?

A

25 nm

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7
Q

How many protofilaments makes up a microtubule?

A

13

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8
Q

What is tubulin formed of?

A

Tubulin is a heterodimer formed of alpa and beta tubulin, in an alternating layout.

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9
Q

How thick are protofilaments?

A

4 nm

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10
Q

What kind of proteins are alpha and beta tubulin?

A

Both are GTP binding proteins

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11
Q

What polarity are beta and alpha tubulin?

A

Beta = positive, alpha = negative

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12
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A

Mechanical support, maintains intracellular organization, movement of intracellular components, as well as cell movement

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13
Q

What are MAPs?

A

Microtubule Associated Proteins

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14
Q

What are the two types of MAPs?

A

Dynamic and Structural

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15
Q

What are the names of some Structural MAPs?

A

MAP 1,2,4 and tau

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16
Q

What do structural MAPs do?

A

Increases stability of microtubule and promotes microtubule assembly, influences cross-linking

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17
Q

What are the names of some dynamic MAPs?

A

Kinesin and Dynein

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18
Q

What is the function of dynamic MAPs?

A

Direct intercellular movement by hydrolyzing ATP which changes chemical energy to physical energy.

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19
Q

Describe the conformation of Kinesin

A

Heterotetramer, 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains

Head, stalk, tail, neck

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20
Q

Which domain of kinesin is the motor?

A

The head

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21
Q

Which domain of kinesin binds to the microtubule?

A

The head

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22
Q

Which domain of the kinesin undergoes a conformational change?

A

Neck and stalk

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23
Q

What do the light chains of kinesin bind to ?

A

Vesicles and particles

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24
Q

Which end of the microtubule does kinesin move towards?

A

PLUS END

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25
Q

What causes movement of kinesin?

A

Hydrolyzing ATP, induces a conformational change

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26
Q

Which kinesin moves in the opposite direction than the rest of the kinesin?

A

Kinesin 14

27
Q

Which region of dynein binds to the microtubules and how?

A

The heavy chains, they have little microtubule binding stocks attached to them

28
Q

Which region of dynein binds to ATP?

A

The head

29
Q

What does the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) do?

A

nucleates and initiates mictorubule assembly (assembles tubulin into microtubules)

30
Q

What happens to microtubules when the temp is increased?

A

Assembly

31
Q

What happens to microtubules when temp is decreased?

A

Disassembly

32
Q

Which end of the microtubule incorporates GTP into it?

A

Plus

33
Q

Which end of the microtubule does dynein travel towards?

A

MINUS end

34
Q

What allows for quick assembly and disassebly of a microtubule?

A

GTP hydrolysis and incorporation into the microtubule

35
Q

How large are intermediate filaments in diameter?

A

10 nm

36
Q

What are the functions of intermediate filaments?

A

provide mechanical strength

37
Q

How big are microfilaments in diameter?

A

6-8 nm

38
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

important for internal movement and movement as a whole, shape determination, and structure of cell projections

39
Q

What is the main structural protein of microfilaments?

A

Actin

40
Q

What is co-polymerization?

A

When 2 similar but not identical monomers form a polymer with each other

41
Q

What kind of actin is the monomer?

A

globular actin (g actin)

42
Q

What is treadmilling?

A

When assembly at plus end is equal to the disassembly at the minus end

43
Q

What are the 2 different arrangements of microfilaments?

A

Bundle and Network

44
Q

What is a cortex?

A

An area of bundled microfilaments

45
Q

What is the function of the cortex?

A

involved in injestion of particles, process of extension, and cell division

46
Q

What is the function of bundles?

A

Support

47
Q

What is the function of networks?

A

movement

48
Q

What is an actin binding protein?

A

A protein that binds to actin

49
Q

What is Arp 2/3?

A

Actin related protein complex that promotes actin trimers. It interacts with other proteins and nucleates assembly (similar to gamma tubulin)

50
Q

What is a monomer sequestering protein?

A

A protein that prevents polymerization (blocks a monomer from becoming a part of a polymer)

51
Q

What is an end capping protein?

A

A protein that caps other proteins, regulates microfilament length

52
Q

What is Monomer Polymerizing actin binding protein?

A

A protein that promotes polymerization of actin to microfilaments

53
Q

What is profilin?

A

A protein that promotes the removal of ADP from actin filaments and replaces it with ATP. Makes assembly more likely to occur

54
Q

What is depolymerizing actin binding proteins?

A

Bind to microfilaments at the end and break down the filaments

55
Q

What is a cross linking protein?

A

A protein with 2 actin binding sites, extended and flexible

56
Q

What is villin?

A

A cross linking protein that reduces flexibility by bundling

57
Q

What is a filament severing protein?

A

a protein that binds to the sides of the microfilaments and break the filaments into smaller bits

58
Q

what are Membrane binding actin binding proteins?

A

Proteins that bind to the membrane and actin

59
Q

What is the general function of actin binding proteins ?

A

control assembly rate, number and length of spatial pattern, interactions of cells with one another, and substrates around the cells

60
Q

True or False: Actin polymerization can cause movement through the cell

A

true

61
Q

What is cofilin?

A

A protein that attaches to the minus end and is a disassembly associated protein

62
Q

What is vinculin?

A

form focal complexes or adhesions, present on lamellipodium

63
Q

What are integrins?

A

Integral membrane proteins that attach to things outside the cell

Cellular Biology (BIOL2020) (3 decks)

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