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Psych 111 > Section 4 > Flashcards

Section 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Key ideas of learning

A

Based on experience
Produces changes in the organism
Changes are relatively permanent

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1
Q

Learning

A

Acquisition of new knowledge, skills of responses from experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

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2
Q

Habituation

A

Repeated exposure to a stimulus results in decreased response to the stimulus

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3
Q

Sensitization

A

Presentation of a stimulus results in increased response to a later stimulus

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4
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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5
Q

Example of classical conditioning

A

Pavlov’s experiment of the dogs and the saliva

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6
Q

4 basic elements of classical conditioning

A

Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response

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7
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Something that produces a naturally occurring reaction in organisms

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8
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

A reaction that is reliably produce by an unconditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A neutral stimulus that now produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Acquisition

A

Phase of classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented together

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12
Q

Second order conditioning

A

Conditioning where a conditioned stimulus is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the unconditioned stimulus in an earlier procedure
Ex) food - tone - black square

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13
Q

Extinction

A

Gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

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14
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

Response is weakened but not eliminated

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15
Q

Generalization

A

Conditioned response is observed even though there have been slight changes made to the conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

Discrimation

A

Ability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimulus

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17
Q

What properties are needed to have adaptive value (associated with food aversion)

A

Rapid learning that occurs in 1-2 trials
Conditioning should be able to take place over long intervals
Organism should develop the aversion to the smell or taste of the food not its ingestion
Learned aversions should occur more often with novel foods rather than with familiar ones

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18
Q

Biological preparedness

A

Propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

Conditioning works best with stimuli that are biologically relevant to the organism

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19
Q

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning

A

Classical - reactive, involuntary
Operant - active, voluntary

Operant is the study of what will happen based on our voluntary actions

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20
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of learning in which the consequences of behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

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21
Q

Instrumental behaviors

A

Behavior that required an organism to do something (solve a puzzle) or manipulate its environment

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22
Q

Example of operant conditioning

A

Cat in box (thorndike)

23
Q

Law of effect

A

Behaviors that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated whereas those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated

24
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that has some impact on the environment

25
Q

Reinforcer

A

Something that increases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

26
Q

Punisher

A

Something that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

27
Q

Positive and negative

A

Added

Taken away

28
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

A rewarding stimulus is presented and increases likelihood of behavior

29
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Unpleasant stimulus is removed increasing the likelihood of behavior

30
Q

Positive punishment

A

Unpleasant stimulus is added which decreases likelihood of behavior

31
Q

Negative punishment

A

Rewarding stimulus is removed which decreases likelihood of behavior

32
Q

Primary reinforcers

Examples

A

Help satisfy biological needs

comfort, shelter, food, warmth

33
Q

Secondary reinforcers

Examples

A

Effectiveness is derived from their associations with primary reinforcers

Trophies, medals, money, verbal approval

34
Q

What is a key determinant of the effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher?

A

Amount of time between behavior and reinforcer or punisher

35
Q

What is the importance of context? What is stimulus control?

A

Learning takes place in contexts, not just anywhere. In a discriminative stimulus, a response produces a reinforcement but in another context, it could produce a punishment.

Stimulus control is when a particular response only occurs in a certain context.

36
Q

Why is extinction more complicated in operant conditioning?

A

It depends on how often the reinforcement is received

Sometimes behaviors become stronger and more resilient

37
Q

What happened when Skinner didn’t give rats the food pellets every time?

A

Pushed the lever at a different rate and pattern

38
Q

Interval schedules

2 kinds

A

Based on time between reinforcements

Fixed interval schedule and variable interval schedule

39
Q

Ratio schedules

2 kinds

A

Based on ratio of responses to reinforcements

Fixed ratio schedule and variable ratio schedule

40
Q

Fixed interval schedule (FI)

Example

A

Reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that correct responses are made
Ex) College students do relatively little work until just before an exam where they do a burst of studying

41
Q

Variable interval schedule (VI)

Example

A

A behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement
Ex) radio promotions happen on average every hour but it could be anywhere within the hour

42
Q

Fixed ratio schedule (FR)

Examples

A

Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
Ex) a store giving you a free shirt after a set number of regular purchases; laundry worker gets paid for every 10 pieces

43
Q

Variable ratio schedule

Example

A

Delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses
Ex) laundry worker will get paid on average for every 10 shirts washed and ironed but not for each 10th shirt; Casino slot machines

44
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

When only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

45
Q

Why does variable ratio schedules produce higher rates of responding than fixed ratio schedules?

A

You don’t know when you will be reinforced next

46
Q

Intermittent reinforcement effect

A

The fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement

47
Q

Shaping

Example

A

Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior
Ex) dolphins learning tricks and making it look like one smooth set of movements but it is really a set of individual movements

48
Q

Superstition

A

An accidental correlation

49
Q

Means-ends relationship

A

A specific reward (end state) will appear if a specific response (means to that end) is made

50
Q

Latent learning

A

Something is learned but not shown as a behavioral change until later on

51
Q

Example of latent learning and cognitive maps

A

Rats in maze

52
Q

Cognitive maps

A

A mental representation of the physical features of the environment

53
Q

What drug plays a large key role in reward related learning?

A

Dopamine

54
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning takes place by watching the actions of others

55
Q

Example of observational learning

A

Bobo doll

56
Q

Diffusion chain

A

Individuals initially learn a behavior by observing someone else then they become the model for someone else to learn the behavior

Psych 111 (4 decks)

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