Section 3 - Software Development Flashcards by Rose Rutledge

Programming Paradigms

What is a ‘programming paradigm’?

A style of computer programming

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Programming Paradigms

What are the 4 programming paradigms?

5, only 4 needed for OCR

Procedural
Object Oriented
Declarative
Functional - not covered in OCR
Assembly - ?

Assembly is questionable - use other example if asked in exam

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Programming Paradigms

What are the features of procedural programming?

Series of instructions/steps
Can have subtroutines
Easier to learn
Can have reusable code

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Programming Paradigms

What are the features of object oriented programming?

Interaction between objects
Encapsulation
Resubale code

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Programming Paradigms

What are the features of functional programming?

Functions only
Reusability

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Programming Paradigms

What are the features of declarative programming?

Write statements that describe the problem to be solved
Program solves problem for programmer

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Programming Paradigms

What are the features of assembly programming?

Low level
Quicker to translate
Mneumonics
No resuabilty

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Assembly Language

What are the 4 addressing modes?

Direct
Indirect
Immediate
Index

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Assembly Language

What is the operand in direct addressing?

The address of the data to be used

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Assembly Language

What is the operand in indirect addressing?

The address of the address of the data to be used

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Assembly Language

What is the operand in immediate addressing?

The data to be used

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Assembly Language

What is the operand in index addressing?

Position relative to the last position checked

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Systems Analysis Methods

What are the 5 steps of the waterfall lifecycle model?

Analysis
Design
Development/Implementation
Evaluation
Maintenance

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Systems Analysis Methods

What are the advantages of using the waterfall lifecycle model?

Easy to manage - good for projects that must be closely supervised

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Systems Analysis Methods

What are the disadvantages of using the waterfall lifecycle model?

No user feedback
Rigid process - must restart if stakeholder requirements change

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Systems Analysis Methods

What are the 4 steps of the spiral?

Analysis
Risk assessment/Design
Development/Implementation
Evaluate

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Systems Analysis Methods

What are the advantages of using the spiral?

Lots of user feedback
Many prototypes created

Systems Analysis Methods

What are the disadvantages of using the spiral?

Difficult to manage

Systems Analysis Methods

What are the 4 steps of a sprint in the agile model?

Analysis
Design
Development/Implementation
Testing

Very similar to waterfall!

Systems Analysis Methods

What are the advantages of using the agile model?

regular communication with the client
many prototypes made

Systems Analysis Methods

What are the disadvantages of using the agile model?

time consuming to gain feedback so often
team work and often feedback means large projects are hard to make

Systems Analysis Methods

What is Extreme Programming (XP)?

An agile model where pair programming is used to ensure code is well written and feedback is collected often to ensure the program meets the stakeholders’ needs

Systems Analysis Methods

What are the advantages of using Extreme Programming (XP)?

code is strong/reliable
lots of feedback
many prototypes made

Systems Analysis Methods

What are the disadvantages of using Extreme Programming (XP)?

expensive to hire double programmers

# Systems Analysis Methods What is Rapid Application Development (RAD)?

An agile model where code from previous projects is used to create quick prototypes

# Systems Analysis Methods What are the advantages of using Rapid Applicaiton Development (RAD)?

* program is made quickly * many prototypes made

# Systems Analysis Methods What happens during analysis?

The problem is defined and the requirements of the system (that solves the problem) must be established

# Systems Analysis Methods What happens during design?

Different aspects of the new system are designed, such as user interface and I/O.

# Systems Analysis Methods What happens during development?

The problem is broken down into individual modules until each module performs a single well-defined task, and then programmed.

# Systems Analysis Methods What happens during testing?

The code is tested out to ensure no errors can be found. Types of testing include: * Black box * White box * Alpha * Beta

# Systems Analysis Methods What is black box/functional testing?

Testing that is carried out independently of the code Involves looking at the program specification and creating a set of test data that covers all I/O and program functions

# Systems Analysis Methods What is white box/structural testing?

Testing that is dependent on the code logic, deriving from the program structure The code is studied and tests are devised which test each possible path at least once White box testing will not detect missing functions

# Systems Analysis Methods What is alpha testing?

Testing carried out by the software developer's in-house testing team

# Systems Analysis Methods What is beta testing?

The package is sent to a number of potential users who agree to use the system and report any problems This exposes the product to real use and detects problems and errors that may not have been anticipated by the developers

# Systems Analysis Methods What happens during implementation?

The software will be installed on the user’s system

# Systems Analysis Methods What happens during evaluation?

The program is reviewed to see whether it solves the problem based on its effectiveness, usability, and maintainability

# Writing and Following Algorithms What are the properties of an algorithm? | 5 points

* Has clear and precisely-stated steps that produce the correct output for any set of valid inputs * Should allow for invalid inputs * Must always terminate at some point * Should execute efficiently, in as few steps as possible * Should be designed in a way that other people will be able to understand and modify if necessary

# Writing and Following Algorithms What is pseudocode?

A way of expressing a solution in a way that can easily be translated into a programming language

# Writing and Following Algorithms What is a "Divide and Conquer" algorithm?

An algorithm that takes a large-scale problem and divides it into smaller sub-problems and recursively solves each of these sub-problems

# Programming Paradigms What is inheritance?

Where a superclass passes its methods and attributes down to its subclasses.

# Programming Paradigms What is encapsulation?

The privatisation of class attributes to protect them from accidental edits Private attributes must be accessed with getters and setters