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BPK207 > Section 3 - Sensory contribution to sensorimotor control (part 2) > Flashcards

Section 3 - Sensory contribution to sensorimotor control (part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what does the vestibular system detect

A

detects head acceleration
– Helps determine head position/motion
and body orientation

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2
Q

what are the vestibular Components (called end organs)

A

Otoliths
- Saccule
- Utricle

Semicircular canals
- Superior, posterior, horizontal

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3
Q

Vestibular apparatuses on both sides of head
work together to…

A

Vestibular apparatuses on both sides of head
work together to signal head movement or
orientation
– Allows for a greater signal-to-noise ratio,
and thus increases sensitivity to motion

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4
Q

Otoliths function:
Sense ____ head _____ (i.e., changing translational motion through
environment) and changes in head orientation relative to _____

A

– Sense LINEAR head acceleration (i.e., changing translational motion through environment) and changes in head orientation relative to gravity

– Saccule detects acceleration in vertical plane
– Utricle detects acceleration in horizontal plane, as
well as head tilt

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5
Q

Saccule detects ____ in _____ plane

A

Saccule detects acceleration in vertical plane

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6
Q

Utricle detects ____ in ____ plane, as
well as head ____

A

Utricle detects acceleration in horizontal plane, as
well as head tilt

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7
Q

Semicircular canals function: Sense ____ head ____
& 2 examples

A

Sense angular head acceleration
- Turning or tilting
- Rotatory body movements

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8
Q

Head movement is a combination of ____ and ____ motion
in various planes

A

Head movement is a combination of rotations and linear motion in various planes

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9
Q

Rotational planes? (3 answers)

A

Rotational planes include
1) roll
2) yaw
3) pitch

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10
Q

T or F: Vestibular system can detect head movement in all directions/rotations

A

T

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11
Q

roll = rotation around ____ axis

A

Rotational planes include roll, yaw, and pitch

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12
Q

yaw = rotation around ____ axis

A

yaw = rotation around z axis

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13
Q

pitch = rotation around ____ axis

A

pitch = rotation around y axis

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14
Q

How do vestibular end organs convert head motion into electrical signals the nervous system can use?

A

Otoliths and semicircular canals (and the cochlea) rely on the deflection of hair cells.

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15
Q

What are hair cells called

A

Stereocilia

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16
Q

Hair cells (stereocilia) located in ____ apparatus get deflected by…

A

Hair cells (stereocilia) located in VESTIBULAR apparatus get deflected by otolithic membrane (in otoliths) or endolymph (in semicircular canals)

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17
Q

vestibular transduction: depolarization occurs because of ____

A

depolarization occurs because of an influx of K+

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18
Q

define Depolarization

A

Depolarization is the process by which the membrane potential becomes less negative, facilitating the generation of an action potential

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19
Q

Vestibular transduction: resting discharge allows afferents to respond to ____

A

resting discharge allows afferents to respond to bi-directional motion

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20
Q

Difference of kinocilium and stereocilium

A

Contrasting with stereocilia, which are numerous, there is only one kinocilium on each hair cell. The kinocilium can be identified by its apical position as well as its enlarged tip.

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21
Q

Positive mechanical deformation:
- Mechanical deformation ____(towards/away) the kinocilium
- ____(opens/closes) K+ channels in the ____
- receptor potential: causes ____polarization
- nerve impulse: ___impulse frequency
- vestibular afferent is ____ (excitation/inhibition)

  • ____ (element) enters cell, allowing ____ and the ____ of transmitters
A
  • Mechanical deformation TOWARDS the kinocilium
  • IOPENS K+ channels in the STEREOCILIA
  • causes DEPOLARIZATION
  • INCREASED impulse frequency
  • EXCITATION
  • Ca^2+ enters the cell, allowing VESICLE FUSION and the RELEASE of transmitters
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22
Q

Negative mechanical deformation - Mechanical deformation ____(towards/away) the kinocilium
- ____(opens/closes) K+ channels in the ____
- receptor potential: causes ____polarization
- nerve impulse: ___impulse frequency
- vestibular afferent is ____ (excitation/inhibition)

A
  • Mechanical deformation AWAY the kinocilium
  • CLOSE K+ channels in the STEREOCILIA
  • causes HYPERPOLARIZATION
  • DECREASED impulse frequency
  • INHIBITION
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23
Q

tip links function

A

tip links: connect individual hairs together and are connected to spring-gated ion channels

24
Q

explain what happens when the head is upright and not accelerating:
-cilia
- vestibular afferent
- nerve impulse
- tip links open/close

A

When the head is upright and not accelerating:
- cilia/hair are in the middle position
- there is a small amount of activity in vestibular afferents
nerve impulse is resting discharge
- tip links slightly open the ion channels and allow a small amount of K+ inside

25
Q

what are ear canals filled with?

A

canals are filled with endolymph, surrounded by perilymph

26
Q

explain: How do the semicircular canals signal angular acceleration?

A
  • The canals are filled with a viscous fluid, which is rich in K+, called endolymph.
  • Because of its inertia, when the head rotates, the endolymph lags behind the canal itself.
  • The endolymph displaces a
    gelatinous structure called the cupula.
  • This structure has hair cells embedded
    in it (which are deflected).

https://www.google.com/search?q=angular+acceleration+and+capula+shown+in+ear&sca_esv=27178ea4ecd47877&rlz=1C1GCEA_enCA1095CA1095&biw=1153&bih=953&tbm=vid&sxsrf=ACQVn09h4aW9wnbKdF0yl1299phD50zLjg%3A1706653452262&ei=DHe5ZZ3hD9yKptQPiIWFgAw&ved=0ahUKEwidl5vGk4aEAxVchYkEHYhCAcAQ4dUDCA0&uact=5&oq=angular+acceleration+and+capula+shown+in+ear&gs_lp=Eg1nd3Mtd2l6LXZpZGVvIixhbmd1bGFyIGFjY2VsZXJhdGlvbiBhbmQgY2FwdWxhIHNob3duIGluIGVhcjIFECEYoAEyBRAhGKABSOUaUJIEWN8XcAB4AJABAJgBsAGgAesIqgEDMC44uAEDyAEA-AEBwgIEECMYJ8ICBBAhGBWIBgE&sclient=gws-wiz-video#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:f3ca87b0,vid:uCRx5pr1n2I,st:0

27
Q

where is the Capula located

A

within the semicircular canals, stretches from the ampullary crista to the roof of the ampulla

28
Q

Are the Kinocilia closer inside the ear or further out

A

inside

29
Q

How do the otoliths signal head acceleration:
- Linear (translational) head motion through environment OR change in head orientation relative to gravity causes movement of ____ ____

  • this ____ behind head motion
  • deflect ____ ____
A
  • otolithic membrane
  • this LAGS behind head motion
  • detects HAIR CELLS
30
Q

where are otoconia stones contained

A

in the otolithic membrane

31
Q

Functions of the vestibular system:
- ____ stabilization
- ____ stabilization
- Perception of ____ ____
- Role in spatial ____

A
  • postural stabilization
  • gaze stabilization
  • perception of self-motion
  • role in spatial navigation
32
Q

Functions of the vestibular system
- Postural stabilization:
- maintenance of ____
- via ____ reflexes
- ____ afferents project to ____ nuclei in brainstem, which gives rise to ____ ____ that activate muscles
- helps keep head ____ (and perception of ____ ____ when head is not upright

A
  • Postural stabilization:
  • maintenance of BALANCE
  • via VESTIBULOSPINAL reflexes
    -VESTIBULAR afferents project to VESTIBULAR nuclei in brainstem, which gives rise to DESCENDING TRACTS that activate muscles
  • helps keep head UPRIGHT (and perception of SPACIAL ORIENTATION when head is not upright
33
Q

Functions of the vestibular system
- gaze stabilization (in conjunction with visual system)
- via ____-____ reflex (_ _ _)
- this reflex compensates for ___ ____
- when head moves, they eyes rotate in ____ to maintain ____ ____ on target of interest

A
  • gaze stabilization (in conjunction with visual system)
  • via VESTIBULOSPINAL REFLEXES (VOR)
  • this reflex compensates for HEAD MOVEMENT
  • when head moves, they eyes rotate in ORBITS to maintain GAZE FIXATION on target of interest
34
Q

Functions of the vestibular system
- perception of self-motion
- head motion can tell _ _ _ about your motion

A
  • head motion can tell central nervous system about your motion
35
Q

Functions of the vestibular system
- role in spacial navigation
- linked with ___-____ as well as knowing ____

A

linked with self-motion as well as knowing orientation

36
Q

Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is used to study the…

A

vestibular contribution to balance

37
Q

process of Galvanic vestibular stimulation:
- weak ____ ____ is applied through ____ placed over the ____ bones behind ____

  • GVS activates the ____ ____ and ____ cells of the ____ and ____ ____ causing illusory perception of head (and body) tilt & ____ tilt in the opposite direction
A
  • Weak direct current is applied through electrodes placed over the mastoid bones behind the ears.
    It is similar to tDCS (Non-invasive neurostimulation).
  • GVS activates the vestibular afferents and hair cells of the otoliths and semicircular canals causing illusory perception of head (and body) tilt and compensatory tilt in the opposite direction
38
Q

anode vs cathode

A

Anode = positive
- an electrode, current enters brain FROM anode

Cathode = negative
- an electrode, current exits brain and flow TO cathode

39
Q

GVS results in afferents and sway
- vestibular afferent firing ____ with anodal stimulation and ____ with cathodal stimulation, you sway towards the direction of the ____

A
  • vestibular afferent firing DECREASED with anodal stimulation and INCREASED with cathodal stimulation, you sway towards the direction of the ANODE
40
Q

GVS:
GVS causes the illusory perception of sway towards the ____ and there is resulting compensatory sway toward the ____

A

GVS causes the illusory perception of sway towards the CATHODE (-) and there is resulting compensatory sway toward the ANODE (+)

41
Q

GVS & sway:
each body segment tilts on the one ____ so the greatest tilt is at the ____

A

each body segment tilts on the one BELOW so the greatest tilt is at the HEAD

42
Q

GVS & sway:
sway is greatly attenuated when standing with feet ____

A

sway is greatly attenuated when standing with feet apart

43
Q

the eye:
- eye is designed to focus the visual image on the ___ with minimal ___ ____
- the ____ is what a physician sees.
- light is focused by the ____ & ___ onto ____ in the retina

A
  • eye is designed to focus the visual image on the RETINA with MINIMAL OPTICAL distortion
  • the FUNDUS is what a physician sees.
  • light is focused by the CORNEA & LENS onto PHOTORECEPTORS in the retina
44
Q

the eye & light:
- light rays must converge at the ___ for light to be ___
- light is refracted when it passes through the ____ (?/3 refraction) & then at the ___ (?/3)
- only the ___ can change its shape to alter the ___ at which objects will focus, due to contraction/relaxation of the ____ muscles : known as ____

A
  • light rays must converge at the RETINA for light to be FOCUSED
  • light is refracted when it passes through the CORNEA (2/3 refraction) & then at the LENS (1/3)
  • only the LENS can change its shape to alter the DISTANCE at which objects will focus, due to contraction/relaxation of the CILIARY muscles : known as ACCOMODATION
45
Q

the eye:
visual image is ____ when it hits the retina

A

INVERTED

46
Q

retina:
- photoreceptors (rods & cones) transduce light into ___ ____
- Fovea is the part of the retina that allows __________
- Fovea contains only ____
- Retinal ____ cells form the ____ ____ & propagates the signal to visual areas of the brain

A
  • photoreceptors (rods & cones) transduce light into ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
  • Fovea is the part of the retina that allows FINE DETAIL VISION
  • Fovea contains only CONES
  • Retinal GANGLION cells form the OPTIC NERVE & propagates the signal to visual areas of the brain
47
Q

retina:
- retinal circuity is spread out at ____ ; allows light ______________
- Cell bodies of the proximal retinal neurons in the ___ are shifted to the side, enabling the photoreceptors to ….
- images are projected onto the ____, which has the ____ number of ____ photoreceptors and ____ resolution

A
  • retinal circuity is spread out at FOVEA ; allows light BETTER ACCESS TO PHOTORECEPTORS
  • Cell bodies of the proximal retinal neurons in the FOVEA are shifted to the side, enabling the photoreceptors to receive the visual image in its least distorted form.
  • images are projected onto the fovea, which has the greatest number of cone photoreceptors and best resolution
  • images are projected onto the FOVEA, which has the GREATEST number of CONE photoreceptors and BEST resolution
48
Q

where is the pigment epithelium located & what do the cells in the pigment epithelium contain

A

lines the back of the eye
- cells in the pigment epithelium are filled with melanin (black pigment)

49
Q

where is the retina located

A

The retina lies in front of the pigment epithelium that lines the back of the eye.

50
Q

function of melanin in the pigment epithelium:
-____ any light not captured by the ____
- prevents light from being REFLECTED… , which would ….

A
  • ABSORB any light not captured by the PHOTORECEPTORS
  • This prevents light from being reflected off the back of the eye, which would degrade the visual image
51
Q

central versus peripheral vision:

visual field:
- The region of space the ____ ____
- Shifts with ___ movements

central vision:
- Deals with identifying ____
- Central ~____° of visual field
- Predominantly contains ___

peripheral vision:
- Deals with ____ things are
- Information regarding ____ context and ____ limb
- Contains mostly ____ and sparse ____

A

visual field:
- The region of space the EYE SEES
- Shifts with EYE movements

central vision:
- Deals with identifying DETAILS
- Central ~5° of visual field
- Predominantly contains CONES

peripheral vision:
- Deals with WHERE things are
- Information regarding ENVIRONMENTAL context and MOVING limb
- Contains mostly RODS and sparse CONES

52
Q

Visual pathway:
Lateral geniculate nucleus function

A

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) acts as a gateway for visual signals to reach cortex

53
Q

Visual pathway:
- the half of the retinas closest to the outside of the head is called _____
- the half of the retinas closest to the inside of the head is called _____

A
  • the half of the retinas closest to the outside of the head is called TEMPORAL HEMIRETINA
  • the half of the retinas closest to the inside of the head is called NASAL HEMIRETINA
54
Q

visual pathway:
describe the pathway that electrical signals related to images in the visual field take to reach the visual cortex in the back of the brain.

  • visual fields
  • ____ hemiretina part of eye sees image from peripheral field
  • ____ hemiretina part of eye sees image from the central field
  • ____ hemiretina images go to the opposite side of the brain, and _____ hemiretina images stay in the same side of the brain
  • travels to ____
  • past ____
  • now are ____
  • through the _____ _____ ____
  • through the ____ ____
  • then finally to the …. aka area ___
A
  • visual fields
  • NASAL hemiretina part of eye sees image from peripheral field
  • TEMPORAL hemiretina part of eye sees image from the central field
  • NASAL hemiretina images go to the opposite side of the brain, and TEMPORAL hemiretina images stay in the same side of the brain
  • travels to OPTIC NERVE
  • past OPTIC CHIASM
  • now are OPTIC TRACT
  • through the LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
  • through the OPTIC RADIATION
  • then finally to the SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VISUAL CORTEX aka area V1
55
Q
A

BPK207 (12 decks)

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