Section 3-Minerals And The Rock Cycle

Question 1

Mineral definition

Answer 1

Structurally homogenous solid of definite chemical composition, formed by the inorganic process of nature
1.naturally occurring
2.inorganic
3.solid
4.Crystalline structure
5.consistent chemical composition
6. Physical properties reflect composition and crystalline structure

Question 2

Formation of minerals

Answer 2

1. Cooling and crystallization from magma (small crystals, cooled quickly; large crystals, cooled slowly)
2. Precipitation from fluid (minerals precipitate out as the lake evaporates)
   3.chemical changes from heat and pressure (new minerals grow that are more in equilibrium with new temps and pressure conditions)
   4.precipitation from biogenic activity (biomineralization, ex.coral reefs composed of calcite)

Question 3

Mineral categorization

Answer 3

Minerals are grouped based on their anions(negatively charged ions)
Most minerals are composed of these 4 elements(make up more than 90% of earths composition) iron, oxygen, silicon,magnesium.

Question 4

Silicate minerals

Answer 4

2 groups
-mafic : dark silicates with high proportion of Fe and Mg, higher density
-Felsic: light silicates with high proportion of silica, lower density
Make up 90-95% of the crust, least dense make up crust and densest silicates occupy a lot of the mantle
Binding between sheets is weak, some notable for uptake of water
Classification: include SiO in varying proportions

Question 5

Carbonate minerals

Answer 5

More uses than almost any other mineral, construction materials, cement, etc
Easily dissolved, which can cause sink holes

Odentification: carbonate ion CO3

Question 6

Sulphide minerals

Answer 6

Typically metallic and high density
Oxidation of metal sulfides Can lead to formation of acidic waters causing contamination
Identification: S (ex, FeS, HgS, etc)

Question 7

Sulphate minerals

Answer 7

Identification: SO4. (Ex, BaSO4, CaSO4)

Question 8

Halide minerals

Answer 8

Identification: halide element (ex, CaF2, NaCl) (F, Cl, Br, I

Question 9

Native element minerals

Answer 9

Identification: made of just one element (ex, Au, Cu, C)

Question 10

The rock cycle, types and how they transform

Answer 10

3 rocks can transform into one another:
Sedimentary formed by uplift, weather, erosion and sedimentation
Metamorphic formed by heat and pressure changes underground
Igneous formed by melting and crystallization