Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Y12 > Section 3:Mass transport > Flashcards

Section 3:Mass transport Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is haemoglobin made up of?

A

Protein/polypeptide chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

General protein structure

What is the structure of haemoglobin chains?

A
  • Primary=sequence of AAs
  • Secondary=in which each polypeptide chain is coiled into a helix
  • Tertiary=in which each polypeptide chain is folded into a precise shape
  • Quaternary=in which all polypeptide chains are linked together
    Two β-polypeptide chains and two α-polypeptide chains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is associating/dissociating and where does it take place?

A

Associating=haemoglobin binds to oxygen and takes place in the lungs
Dissociating=haemoglobin releases its oxygen and takes place in the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does it mean if haemoglobin has a high or low affinity for oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin with a high affinity for oxygen takes up oxygen more easily,but release it less easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What must haemoglobin do to be efficient at transporting oxygen?

A
  • Readily associate with oxygen at the surface where gas exchange takes place
  • Readily dissociate from oxygen at those tissues requiring it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is positive cooperativity?

A

The binding of the first oxygen molecule changes the quaternary structure of the haemoglobin. This induces the other subunits to bind to an oxygen molecule. Therefore, it takes a smaller increase in the partial pressure of oxygen to bind to the second oxygen molecule, than it did for the first oxygen molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does it mean if the oxygen dissociation curve is further to the left or right?

A
  • Left=haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen
  • Right=haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the carbon dioxide concentration affect haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin has a reduced affinity for oxygen in the presence of carbon dioxide
* Lungs=low conc=increased affinity
* Muscles(respiring tissues)=high conc=decreased affinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does a low concentration of carbon dioxde affect the structure of haemoglobin?

A
  • pH is raised due to the low conc
  • The higher pH changes the shape of haemoglobin into one that enables it to load oxygen readily
  • The shape also increases the affiinity of haemoglobin for oxygen~this means oxygen is not released while being transported in the blood to the tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Six points

Explain why there is always enough oxygen for respiring tissues?

Excerise

A
  • Higher rate of respiration
  • More carbon dioxide produced
  • Lowers the pH
  • Greater the haemoglobin shape changes so decreases its affinity for oxygen
  • Oxygen is more readily dissociated
  • More oxygen is available for respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do large organisms need a transport system?

A

Increasing size leads to decrease in SA:V for exchange. As a result it can no longer rely on simple diffusion and needs to develop specialist gas exchange systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are good features of a transport system with examples within animals?

A
  • Suitable medium=to carry materials (Blood)
  • Closed system of tubular vessels=contains transport medium (Blood vessels)
  • Mechanism to maintain the mass flow in one direction(Valves)
  • Mechanism to control the flow of the transport medium(Valves)
  • Mechanism for moving the transport medium within vessels(Muscular contraction of the heart)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can you describe the mamilian circulatory system?

A

Closed double circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do the different sides of the heart pump blood to?

A
  • Right=pumps blood to the lungs
  • Left=pumps oxygenated blood rapidly around the body at high pressures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the structure of the atria relate to its function?

A
  • Thin muscular walls=only has to pump blood to the ventricles
  • Elastic walls=able to strech as it collects blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the structure of the ventricles relate to its function?

A

Thick muscular walls=has to pump blood a long way

17
Q

Where does each heart vessel take blood?

A
  • Aorta=LV to the body
  • Pulmonary artery=RV to the lungs
  • Vena cava=body to the RA
  • Pulmonary veins=lungs to the LA
  • Coronary arteries=supply heart msucle
18
Q

What is the function of valves and where can they be found in the heart?

A

Valves are present to prevent the backflow of blood
* Atrioventricular=between atria and ventricles
* Semi-lunar=in the arteries
Valves are held in place by valve tendons attached to muscles

19
Q

What is the purpose of heart tendons?

A

To prevent valves from becoming inverted

20
Q

What is the pathway of blood in the heart?

A

vena cava,RA,RV,pulmonary artery,pulmonary vin,LA,LV and aorta

21
Q

What is meant by the heart is myogenic?

A

The heart contracts on its own without needing any nerve impulses

22
Q

What is myocardial infarction and how is it caused?

A

Heart attack caused by the blockage of the coronary arteries=heart muscle is depriced of blood and therefore oxygen

23
Q

What is cardiac cycle?

A

When the heart fill and empties with blood

24
Q

What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial contraction (systole), ventricular contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)

25
Q

What happens in the three stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • Diastole=blood enters atria+ventricles from vena cava/atria relax fill with blood+ventricles relax(AV valves open)
  • Atrial systole=atria contract~push blood into ventricles(AV valves open)
  • Ventricular systole=atria rleax,ventricles contract~push blood away from heart via aorta+pulmonary arteries
26
Q

What is the function and location of the atrioventricular, semi-lunar and pocket valves?

A
  • Atrioventricular=between atria and ventricles~prevent back flow into atria when ventricles contract
  • Semi-lunar=aorta+pulmonary artery~prevent back flow into ventricles
  • Pocket=veins~ensures when veins are squeezed blood flow back towards the heart
27
Q

How is cardiac output(cm3/m) calculated?

A

cardiac output=heart rate x stroke volume

28
Q

Three points

How does the structure of the arteries relate to its function?

A
  • Thicker overall wall=Resists the valve bursting due to high pressure
  • Thicker elastic layer=Streches as the heart beats then springs back when the heart relaxes
  • Thicker muscle layer=Smaller arteries an be constricted and dilate to control the flow of blood
29
Q

Two points

How does the structure of the arterioles relate to their function?

A
  • Muscle layer thicker than arteries=Contraction allows constriction of the lumen restricting the flow of blood
  • Less elastic layer than arteries=because the pressure is lower
30
Q

What are cappiliries?

A

Tiny vessels linking arterioles to veins that excahange materials between body and blood

31
Q

Four points

How does the structure of capillaries relate to their function?

A
  • walls mostly lining layer=very thin, short diffusion pathway
  • Numerous and highly branched=increase SA
  • Narrow diameter=no cell is far from a capillary
  • Space between lining cells=WBCs can pass through to access infections in tissues
32
Q

Three points

How does the structure of veins relate to their function?

A
  • Valves=ensure back flow doesn’t occur
  • Thinner elastic layer=lower pressure so they won’t burst
  • Wall thickness small=Can be compressed when muscles contract
33
Q

What is the pathway of blood from the heart and throught the blood vessels?

A

Heart,Artery,Arterioles,Capillaries,Venules and Veins

34
Q

What is the role of tissue fluid?

A

Formed from metabloic substances. This bathes cells and allows the exchange of substances between the blood and cells

35
Q

Six points

What susbtances are found in tissue fluid?

A

Water,glucose,amino acids,fatty acids,salts and oxygen

36
Q

Increasing

How does temperature,humidity,air movement and light affect the rate of respiration?

A
  • Temperature=Increase~Increase in KE
  • Humidity=Decrease~Decrease WP&Decrease diffusion
  • Air movement=Increase~Maintains WP gradient
  • Light=Increase~Stomata open more,more gas exchange needed
37
Q

Xylem

Define transpiration

A

Evaporation of water from leaves through the stomata

38
Q

Describe the structure of the xylem

A
  • Xylem cells are dead,hollow and continuous tubes
  • Lignin found in cell walls and is a waterproof substance~cells die as nothing can move in and out
  • No cytoplasm or other organelles to restric water flow
39
Q
A

Biology Y12 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions