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Radt 1022 Intro > Section 3 Exam > Flashcards

Section 3 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of the energy from the tube is released as heat and as x-rays?

A

99% heat, 1% x-rays

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2
Q

what spins in the x-ray tube?

A

anode

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3
Q

why does the tube have to be vacuum sealed?

A

so electrons don’t interact with air molecules and lose energy

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4
Q

Human body consists of six radiographic densities (listed least to most dense)

A

Gas or air
Fat
Water
Muscle
Bone
Tooth enamel
Metal

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5
Q

Cathode ____ __ to release _________ to hit spinning _____ to release x-ray

A

heats up, electrons, anode

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6
Q

Computed radiography makes use of?

A

photostimulable phosphor

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7
Q

X-ray beam collimation is used why?

A

pt dose is decreased, scatter dose is decreased, increases quality of image (all of the above)

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8
Q

focal spot is directly related to ______

A

detail

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9
Q

small focal spot =

A

sharper lines

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10
Q

Do grids help with detail?

A

yes it improves detail and absorbs scatter radiation

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11
Q

Greater SID =

A

increased detail

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12
Q

Lower OID =

A

reduced magnification

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13
Q

What studies the body using radio pharmaceuticals to evaluate?

A

PET scan

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14
Q

What is it called when sound is used to visualize internal?

A

sonography

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14
Q

What’s a portable fluoroscope called?

A

C-arm

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15
Q

Internal preparation would include?

A

contrast media or cleansing enema

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16
Q

Iodine contrast can result in:

A

hives, anaphylactic shock

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17
Q

You wouldn’t want to use barium if pt has a _____ ___________
Instead you would want to use a water soluble contrast like ___

A

bowel perforation, ISO

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18
Q

air used with contrast is called ______________

A

double-contrast

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19
Q

What is gradually replacing the barium enema?

A

CT and virtual colonoscopy

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20
Q

An x-ray study used to evaluated the patency of the oviduct?

A

hysterosalpingogram

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21
Q

Malfunctioning salivary glands may be examined during?

A

sialogram

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22
Q

What is it called if you have contrast studies of joints?

A

arthrogram

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23
Q

What does 90% of public exposure come from?

A

medical and dental x-rays

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24
Q

What does air kerma measure

A

ionizing radiation in the air

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25
Q

absorbed does by patient is measured in:

A

Gray (Gy)

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26
Q

What does the photoelectric effect have to do with?

A

inner electron shells transferring energy (all of the energy)

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27
Q

What does the compton effect have to do with?

A

outer electron shells (part of the energy)

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28
Q

Pair production has to do with:

A

radiation therapy

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29
Q

The law of bergonie and tribondeau implies that radiosensitivity is greatest in?

A

cells that are rapidly dividing

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30
Q

At which stage of life are you most sensitive to radiation?

A

fetus

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31
Q

Minimal total filtration must be _____ aluminum or equivalent

A

2.5mm

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32
Q

A unit used to measure a quantity called exposure.
This can only be used to describe an amount of gamma rays and x-rays, and only in air

A

roentgen (R)

33
Q

A unit used to measure a quantity called absorbed dose.
This relates to the amount of energy actually absorbed in some material

A

radiation absorbed dose (rad)

34
Q

A unit used to derive a quantity called equivalent dose.
This relates the absorbed dose in human tissue to the effective biological damage of the radiation

A

roentgen equivalent man (rem)

35
Q

Effective Dose. Dose equivalent.
Biologic effect

A

sievert (Sv)

36
Q

The _____ is a unit used to measure a
unit of radioactivity

A

curie (Ci)

37
Q

equation for the inverse square law

A

I1 D2 ²
— = —
I2 D1

38
Q

Primary items needed for production of x-rays:

A

Source of electrons
Means to accelerate electrons (Kinetic Energy)
Way to bring electrons to a sudden stop
* Kinetic Energy → X-Ray Energy

39
Q

______ _____ is formed when x-rays pass through
the patient’s body and hit the image receptor

A

Latent image

40
Q

Types of digital imaging:

A

computed radiography (CR)
direct digital radiography (DR)

41
Q

Latent image is held on a phosphor plate.
Phosphor plate is encased in a cassette.
X-rays strike the plate and are trapped in high-energy state.
Computer processes the image by utilizing a laser beam
scanner.
Digitized
Creates visible image

A

computed radiography

42
Q

Elements used are: cesium iodide, gadolinium
oxysulfide, and selenium.
Can be produced by direct and indirect
methods

A

digital radiography

43
Q

X-rays interact directly with the element selenium creating an electric charge

A

direct digital radiography

44
Q

X-rays first converted to light, then converted to an electrical signal

A

indirect digital radiography

45
Q

subject density and thickness factors affecting the image

A

air, water, contrast, metal, pathologies

46
Q

x-ray exposure factors

A

mAs, kVp, distance

47
Q

Determines the wavelength of radiation, energy of the x-rays (penetration)

A

kilovoltage (kVp)

48
Q

Exposure rate is directly proportional
Determines amount of x-rays per unit of time

A

milliamperage (mA)

49
Q

As this distance decreases, detail decreases.
This distance should be kept at a maximal practical
level to keep images sharp and detailed

A

focal-object distance

50
Q

As SID increases, level of detail ________

A

increases

51
Q

Cross-sectional views
Eliminates need for exploratory surgery
Computer reconstructs information into an image

A

Computed Tomography (CT)

52
Q

Also cross-sectional views
Utilizes manipulation of magnetic field and radio waves (no
radiation)

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

53
Q

Radiopharmaceutical agent injection
Physiologic condition or function
Cross-sectional images

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

54
Q

Radioactive materials introduced
into the body
Images of major organs

A

Nuclear Medicine (NM)

55
Q

Brings digital imaging together with hospital and radiology information systems.
Total management of patient’s case
Digital network can be accessed in a variety of authorized stations

A

Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)

56
Q

has high-atomic number, shows up white on radiographic procedures
Commonly introduced intravenously to visualize blood vessels and organs
Adverse Reactions
Non-ionic contrast reduces occurrence of reactions

A

iodine-based contrast media

57
Q

Similar contrast qualities as iodine.
Cannot be absorbed by the body
Great for gastrointestinal studies
Allergic reactions are rare

A

barium-based contrast media

58
Q

Chest Radiography
Used with barium or iodine studies to produce a “double-contrast”

A

air contrast media

59
Q

Early measurement used
to measure the amount of radiation to turn the skin red

A

Erythema dose

60
Q

Ionizing radiation that
produces ions in 1 cubic centimeter of air

A

Air Kerma

61
Q

Becquerel:

A

Activity

62
Q

dose limit for radiation workers

A

50 mSv per year (annual effective dose - whole body)

63
Q

dose limit for general public (frequent exposure)

A

1 mSv rems per year

64
Q

dose limit for general public (infrequent exposure)

A

5 mSv rems per year

65
Q

dose limit for embryo or fetus

A

0.5 mSv per month during gestation

66
Q

dose limit for embryo or fetus

A

5 mSv total for gestation

67
Q

Three main types of photon interactions that are important in radiology:

A

Photoelectric Effect
Compton Scatter
Pair Production

68
Q

Most common
Knocks out inner-shell electron and transfers all energy.
Usually occurs with low- energy photons.

A

Photoelectric Effect interaction

69
Q

▸ Incoming photon interacts with orbital
electron.
▸ Portion of energy is transferred.
▸ Classic (or unmodified) Scattering
▸ Entering photon changes direction
but does not transfer energy.
▸ Modified Scattering
▸ Collision occurs and partial energy is
transferred by photon

A

Compton Scatter interaction

70
Q

▸ Photon of extremely high energy approaches the nucleus.
▸ Both positive electron (positron) and negative electron formed.
▸ Both positron and electron ionize other atoms.
▸ Annihilation reaction
▸ Positron reacts with orbital electron and both particles disappear and create two photons that move in the opposite direction.
▸ Does not occur in diagnostic radiography (may occur in Radiation Therapy)

A

Pair Production interaction

71
Q

Cells for reproduction

A

germ cells

72
Q

cells that perform all other body functions

A

somatic cells

73
Q

When radiation hits a cell, there are 4 possible results:

A

▸ Pass through without any damage
▸ Temporary damage, but cell regains normal functions.
▸ Damage cell without cell recovering.
▸ Kill the cell

74
Q

Ionizing radiation interacts directly with the DNA molecule and breaks in the “rung” of the DNA “ladder” occur

A

Direct-hit theory

75
Q

Cells are most sensitive to ionizing radiation when they are

A

rapidly dividing

76
Q

Time between initial radiation and occurrence of any biological change

A

latent period

77
Q

Occurs within minutes, hours, days, or weeks (short term)
Large dose is received by the entire body over a short period of time (larger than 1 Gy)

A

acute radiation syndrome

78
Q

Somatic-General body cells
Cancer, cataracts, life-span shortening

A

long-term effects

79
Q

Germ cells-sexual reproduction
Transmitted to future generations and therefore not evident to the individual that was exposed

A

genetic

80
Q

Measurement of radiation
dose to an individual

A

Dosimetry

Radt 1022 Intro (3 decks)

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