Section 3

Question 1

What creates the natural greenhouse effect?

Answer 1

The water vapour in the atmosphere.

Question 2

Which gases cause the enhanced greenhouse effect? How are they released into the atmosphere?

Answer 2

Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide.
They are released into the atmosphere through human activity.

Question 3

What is GWP?

Answer 3

Global warming potential; it’s a measure of the relative ability to trap thermal energy in the atmosphere.

Question 4

When measuring GWP, what gas is used as a reference for comparison to other GHGs?

Answer 4

carbon dioxide

Question 5

What is the persistence of a gas?

Answer 5

How many years each gas will remain in the atmosphere.

Question 6

How have ice core samples helped develop our knowledge about climate change?

Answer 6

The analysis of ice core samples (to give us an idea about the distant past) and atmospheric conditions have shown the levels of all three greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere are increasing.

Question 7

Since what time has the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere been increasing?

Answer 7

Since the industrial revolution in the late 18th century.

Question 8

What is a carbon source?

Answer 8

Any process that releases carbon into the atmosphere.

Question 9

What are fossil fuels and what are they formed from? Why are they bad for the environment?

Answer 9

Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of living organic material, so they contain a lot of carbon. When burned, they release carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere.

Question 10

True or false: modern agriculture does not contribute to the level of greenhouse gases.

Answer 10

False

Question 11

What are carbon sinks? Why has the amount of them been decreasing?

Answer 11

Things that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere; forests (photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere). The human need for fuel and land for agriculture and industrialization has decreased the amount of carbon sinks.

Question 12

How has the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide increased by 32% over the last 200 years?

Answer 12

The combination of increased use of fossil fuels and the decrease in available carbon sinks.

Question 13

What are halocarbons? Where are they usually found?

Answer 13

They are another class of man made chemicals that can trap thermal energy in the atmosphere. they can be found in refrigerators and air conditioners.

Question 14

Name four pieces of evidence for global warming (besides the increase of average global temperatures).

Answer 14

• flowers blooming earlier in the northern hemisphere
• more extreme weather events like ice storms and floods
• snow cover in polar regions decreasing
• increased avg. level and temp. of Earth’s oceans

Question 15

What is the general circulation model (GCM)? What do they focus on?

Answer 15

• computer model of climate on a global scale
• GCM’s focus on the mechanisms of thermal energy transfer in the atmosphere, the complex factors that influence them, and how they are changing. These changes obviously have major implications for climate on different parts of Earth.

Question 16

Describe the Montreal Protocol (1987)

Answer 16

• The Montreal Protocol, signed by 182 countries, controls the production and consumption of substances that can cause ozone depletion.
• CFC’s are to be phased out and replaced with hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC’s), which destroy the ozone much more slowly than CFC’s.
• the first international agreement concerning the Earth’s atmosphere

Question 17

What are chlorofluorocarbons?

Answer 17

Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC’s) are substances that
deplete the ozone layer (are a type of halocarbon). Their use is now restricted.

Question 18

Describe The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1994)

Answer 18

The Convention on Climate Change sets an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenge posed by climate change. Supports sustainable development.

Under the Convention, governments:
- Gather and share information on greenhouse gas emissions, national
policies and best practices
- Launch national strategies for addressing greenhouse gas emissions and
adapting to expected impacts, including the provision of financial and
technological support to developing countries
- Cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change
- near universal membership, with 189 countries having ratified

Question 19

Describe the Kyoto protocol.

Answer 19

• 1988
• made under the United Nations framework convention
• industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions of GHGs by 5.2% compared to 1990
• (compared to the emission/ levels that would be expected by 2010 with out the protocol, this is a 29% cut

Emission reduction credits
- given to a country for taking actions that contribute to the reduction of GHGs
- receive credits through various shared “clean energy” programs and “carbon dioxide sinks” in the form of forests and other systems that remove CO2 from the atmosphere
- left room for developing countries to increase their energy use (needed to grow their economies) but with the provision that they too will face restrictions in the future

• most counties signed/ratified (USA is an exception)

Question 20

What is carbon dioxide sequestering (method of stabilizing greenhouse gas levels)?

Answer 20

Carbon dioxide sequestering is the process of capturing the exhaust from a fossil fuel combustion and pumping it back into Earth. The increase in pressure can be used to enhance the extraction of additional fossil fuels in nearby wells.

Question 21

What is a concern related to carbon dioxide sequestering?

Answer 21

A concern is that carbon will not remain captive and would leak back into the atmosphere over a span of decades /centuries.

Question 22

What gases does producing fossil fuels release?

Answer 22

Methane and carbon dioxide

Question 23

Explain how agriculture contributes greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

Answer 23

• nitrous oxide is released by the use of manure and chemical fertilizers
• methane is emitted from rice paddies and from the digestive systems of cattle and other animals

Question 24

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?

Answer 24

It is the change in Earth’s net radiation budget caused by the increase in human-generated greenhouse gases.

Question 25

What is global warming?

Answer 25

The observed increase in Earth’s average temperature. It is a piece of evidence that Earth is undergoing climate change.

Question 26

True or false: there are limits on the accuracy by which scientists can evaluate climate change.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

In what cases are scientific analyses and predictions given a higher confidence level?

Answer 27

When there is more data, more accurate measurements, or if scientists have a greater understanding of the factors involved in a particular climatic event.

Question 28

True or false: evidence suggests that the Earth’s climate has never undergone change in the past.

Answer 28

False

Question 29

When would a scientist choose a model other than a GCM?

Answer 29

When they consider the problem they are investigating and the type of data available, and decide that another model will produce a result with a higher level of confidence.

Question 30

Name three things that help collect data from previously unreachable areas of our planet.

Answer 30

• Satellites
• high-altitude jets
• deep-sea submarines

Question 31

What is sustainable development?

Answer 31

The use of the world’s resources in ways that maintain these resources for future generations with minimal environmental impact.

Question 32

Name three actions that would award a country with emission-reduction credits (ERCs) (Kyoto protocol)

Answer 32

• when a developed country helps a developing country to reduce its emissions
• when a developed country helps another developed country that has a temporary economic problem to reduce its emissions (e.g. recovering from war or natural disaster)
• when a country engages in practices that help remove CO2 from the atmosphere, such as planting trees to reforest an area.

Question 33

Why would someone see ERCs as negative?

Answer 33

Some may see it as a way for richer nations to avoid having to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases they emit.

Question 34

How would/is climate change impacting alberta?

Answer 34

• more frequent droughts are predicted
• agriculture in northern Alberta would benefit
• slower growth of forests, increased risk of forests fires
  -retreat of ice cover would make trees grow farther north
• warm temps. could increase the population of insects that can harm forests
• animals would have to adapt or may not survive; boundaries of biomes would shift (e.g. shrinking of taiga and tundra)
• more intense heat waves, worse pollution