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Anat: Module 5 > Section 3 > Flashcards

Section 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the brain and how is it protected?

A

large organ housed and protected by the skull.

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic features of the brain?

A

cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum

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3
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

makes up the bulk of the brain, composed of telecephalon and diencephalon. telencephalon makes up the bulk of the cerebrum.

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4
Q

What is the role of the telencephalon in the cerebrum?

A

it is responsible for interpreting sensory signals, sending our motor signals, and decision making.

The features include: cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, sulci and gyri, lobes of the cerebrum, grey mater of the brain, and white matter of the brain

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5
Q

What is the cerebral hemisphere?

A

it is made up of two paired hemispheres, the right and left cerebral hemisphere.

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6
Q

How are the two hemispheres (right and left) seperated?

A

by the longitudinal fissure.

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7
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

it is the outer layer of the cerebrum cortex. If you were able to touch the brain, you would be touching the cerebral cortex. In a coronal section, it can be distinguished from other neural tissue by its dark grey colour.

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8
Q

What are the sulci of the brain?

A

It is the fissures and grooves of the brain.

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9
Q

What are the gyri of the brain?

A

it is the lumps and bumps between the sulci.

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10
Q

What do the grooves and fissures in the cerebrum cause?

A

the folds in the cerebrum

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11
Q

What do the sulci on the cerebral cortex create?

A

the boundaries of the lobes, and they divide the brain into different regions with different functions.

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12
Q

What are the important sulci we need to know?

A

central sulcus, precentral sulcus, lateral sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus, postcentral sulcus.

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13
Q

What is the function of the central sulcus?

A

divides the frontal and parietal lobes, and it also divides the motor from the sensory cortex

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14
Q

What is the function of the precentral sulcus?

A

creates the anterior border of the motor cortex

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15
Q

What is the function of the lateral sulcus?

A

divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

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16
Q

What is the function of the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.

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17
Q

What is the function of the postcentral sulcus?

A

it creates the posterior border of the sensory cortex.

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18
Q

What does it mean when something is midsagittal? What importance does it have related to sulci?

A

a sagittal (vertical) plane passing specifically through the midline of the body, dividing the body into its right and left halves.

For the parieto-occipital is more prominent in this view, lateral sulcus is absent in this view.

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19
Q

What are the 2 type of gyri we need to know?

A

precentral gyrus (motor cortex)

postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex)

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20
Q

What is the function of the precentral gyrus (motor cortex)?

A

it is responsible for sending motor output signals. it is located anteriorly to the central sulcus.

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21
Q

What is the function of the postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex)?

A

it is responsible for receiving sensory input related to touch and feel. it is located posteriorly to the central sulcus.

22
Q

What is the function of having folds through the cerebrum?

A

folding of the cerebrum increases the surface area of neural tissue, leading to a greater capacity for functioning.

23
Q

What could be the symptoms of having a smooth brain (without gyri or sulci), otherwise known as Lissencephaly?

A

smooth brain syndrome results in limited mental capacity, resulting in severe intellectual disability and slowed physical development. Usually they are unable to live past age 10.

24
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes

25
Q

What is the grey matter of the brain?

A

consists of nerve cell bodies, short interneurons, and glial cells. can be found in the cerebral cortex and the inner areas of the brain.

26
Q

What is the white matter of the brain?

A

consists of bundles of nerve fibres and axons. can be found in the inner regions of the cerebrum.

A specialized region of the white matter is the corpus callosum.

27
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

it is part of the white matter of the brain, and it connects the two hemisphere’s of the brain.

28
Q

What are the 3 categories of white matter tracts? What is each of their functions?

A
  1. Association: facilitates communication within one hemisphere
  2. Commissular: faciliates communication between 2 hemispheres. Commissure usually means where the 2 structures join (ex. corpus callosum)
  3. Projection Fibres: facilitate communication between different levels of the CNS, such as between the brain and spinal cord
29
Q

What is the telencephalon responsible for?

A

for interpreting sensory signals, sending out motor signals, and decision making.

30
Q

What is the diencephalon and its role?

A

it is the second layer, deep into the telecenphalon. it is the central core of the cerebrum, surrounded by cerebral hemispheres. It is responsible for sensory and motor relay into and out of the brain, as well as the control of the autonomic nervous system.

31
Q

What structure does the diencephalon enclose?

A

a structure known as the third ventricle.

32
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, and hypothalamus.

33
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

a deep brain structure with 2 bodies, one per hemisphere. This part is responsible for relating sensory information, except sense of smell, to other areas of the brain.

34
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

a small structure below the thalamus that is connected to the pituitary gland. controls the release of hormones through the pituitary gland.

35
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

the area of the brain that connects the brain to spinal cord. located below the diencephalon and is compromised of the following:

-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata

Very important as it contains many autonomic reflex centers and white matter tracts necessary for human functioning and survival

36
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

is the most superior aspect of the brainstem.

Anteriorly: the midbrain consists of large white matter tracts that make up the cerebral peduncles.

Postero-lateral view: midbrain has two pairs of raised bumps, known as the superior and inferior colliculi.

37
Q

What is the pons?

A

Is the structure in the middle of the brainstem. Located anteriorly to the 4th ventricle and the cerebellum.

has fibers connecting it to the cerebellum, allowing for communication between these two structures.

38
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

the most inferior structure of the brainstem, it is continuous with the spinal cord.

39
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

a structure that is appended to the back of the brainstem and sits underneath the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.

Coordinates motor activity.

40
Q

What is the meninges?

A

3 connective tissue membranes that are the protecting the structures of the CNS. They are the following:

-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pai mater

41
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

most superficial and tough layer of the meninges. composed of a double later of connective tissue that attaches firmly to the skin.

42
Q

What are the projections of the dura mater?

A

1) falx cerebri: the longitudinal fissure creates this between the cerebral hemispheres

2) tentorium cerebelli: the transverse fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum, which is known as this

3) falx cerebelli: the space at the middle of the cerebellum

43
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

loosely cover the brain. creates an area called the subarachnoid space. this space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (a protective fluid) and blood vessels.

44
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

firmly attached to the cerebral cortex and is the innermost layer of the meninges.

45
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

-provide support and protection to the brain
-made up of 4 hollow spaces that are continuous with each other and the spinal cord
-the spaces contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Consists of:
-lateral ventricle (2)
-third ventricle (1)
-fourth ventricle (1)

46
Q

What is the lateral ventricle?

A

-they are paired (2)
-C shaped spaces deep within the cerebral hemisphere
-a portion can be found in each lobe

47
Q

What is the third ventricle?

A

-singular
-located in the middle of the diencephalon between the two halves of the thalamus
-connected to the lateral ventricles by the inter-ventricular formina

48
Q

What is the fourth ventricle?

A

-sits between the pons/medulla and the cerebellum
-connected to the third ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct
-continous with the central canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space

49
Q

What is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

-specialized fluid that bathes the structures of the CNS
-flows through ventricles (central canal of the spinal cord)
-produced inside the ventricles
-main functions: providing a bouyancy effect to brain and spinal cord (surround these structures and make them weigh less- the structures are suspended by this CSF), provides support and protection to CNS acting as a shock absorber, and serves as a medium for the transport of nutrients, waste, dissolved gasses, and other substances.

50
Q

List out the directional flow of the CSF.

A
  1. lateral ventricles
  2. interventricular foramen
  3. third ventricle
  4. cerebral aqueduct
  5. fourth ventricle
  6. subarachnoid space
51
Q

What are the meninges supporting the brain, in order from most superficial to most deep?

A

From closest to outside of brain
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. pia mater

Anat: Module 5 (4 decks)

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